----------1000----------

• ~10c: The Digil and Rahanweyn settle amongst the Zanj between the Shebelle and Juba Rivers in Somalia. Neither tribe extended N of the Shebelle, but were in contact with the Oromo tribes, who, in turn, were already under pressure from the expanding Somali in the NE corner of the Horn.-Somalia by Lewis.

• ~Mid-End 10c: Arab and Persian colonizers establish themselves in Somalia, developing a string of coastal settlements along the Horn of Africa, dependent for their prosperity upon the entrepôt trade between Abyssinia, Arabia, and the markets of the East. Principal ports included Zeila, Berbera, Mogadishu, Brava, and Merca.-Somalia by Lewis. 

• Zeila: Ancient port and center of Arab influence; one of the chief ports of the Abyssinian hinterland. Through Zeila, local Somali produce, consisting chiefly of hides and skins, precious gums, ghee, and ostrich feathers, and slaves and ivory from the Abyssinian highlands, were exported: and cloth, dates, iron, weapons, and chinaware and pottery imported. Politically, Zeila was originally the center of the Muslim emirate of Adal, part of the state of Ifat, which lay in the plateau region of eastern Shoa. From the time at which the port enters Islamic history, it had apparently a mixed Arab, Somali, and Danakil (‘Afar) population. In the course of time, no one knows exactly when, these three separate elements to some extent fused to form a distinctive Zeila culture and Zeila dialect which was a blend of Arabic, Somali, and ‘Afar.-Somalia by Lewis.

• Berbera: Ancient port and center of Arab influence.-Somalia by Lewis.

• Mogadishu: Ancient port and historic Somali trading center. In the 10c, Mogadishu port consisted of a loose federation of Arab and Persian families which by the 13c, become a sultanate ruled by the Fakhr ad-Din dynasty. Three centuries later, these rulers were supplanted by the Muzaffar Sultans.-Somalia by Lewis.

• 999: Icelanders declare themselves Christian. Around that same year, Leif Eriksson, the son of that Erik the Red who founded the Greenland colony, supposedly introduced Christianity to Greenland.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 998: Zadar swears allegiance to Doge Pietro Orseolo II, becoming a vassal of the Rep. of Venice. 

• 997-1022: The Song Dynasty is ruled by Zhēnzōng (Taizong’s son), 3rd Song Emperor.-China by Jaivin.

• 1004: Song Emperor Zhēnzōng makes peace with the Khitans.-China by Jaivin.

• 996: The Emperor grants Salzburg market rights. The first city market was held in front of the main gate of the bishop’s residence (Waagplatz) (Hohensalzburg Museum). 

• 995: The Norwegian King converts to Christianity.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 995-1000: Reign of Norwegian King Olaf I (Olaf Tryggvason); during his bid for King, his five longships reached Orkney, where they encountered three ships that the current earl of Orkney (another Sigurð) was leading on a Viking raid. Sigurð was summoned to Olaf’s ship. ‘I want you and all your subjects to be baptized,’ Olaf demanded. ‘If you refuse, I’ll have you killed on the spot, and I swear that I’ll ravage every island with fire and steel.’ ‘After that,’ the Orkney Saga tersely relates, ‘all Orkney embraced the faith.’ This must have made it possible for Sigurð to marry the daughter of Malcolm, king of the Scots.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.   

• 1000: Iceland converts to Christianity after King Olaf bans trade with the then Pagan Icelanders.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia. 

• 992: Java invades Sumatra.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia. 

• 989: Chinese merchants are granted freedom to sail abroad. They still had to register their arrival and departure, and they were expected to return within 9 months to the port from which they had originally sailed, so that their goods could be weighed and taxed. At the start, only two ports, Hangzhou and Mingzhou, were designated as departure points, with Guangzhou added later.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 988: Vladimir I, the pagan prince of Novgorod and grand prince of Kyiv, accepts the Orthodox Christian faith and is baptized in the Crimean city of Chersonesus (NatGeo). 

• 987: Mayan Chichén Itzá is conquered by ousted Toltecan King Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, who flees his throne in Mexico City for the Yucatán Peninsula, promising to return.-1491 by Mann.

• 986: The first printed book arrives in Japan, brought by the monk Chōnen. The book consists of a collection of the main Buddhist texts that had recently been produced in Chengdu after 12y spent laboriously preparing the woodblocks. Thereafter the Japanese fell in love with printing.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 986: Eirík the Red leads the first settlers (x400) on 25 ships across the sea from Iceland to Greenland; 14 reach Greenland, some sinking and others having to turn back. Eirík worked his way beyond the southern tip of Greenland, identifying two areas suitable for settlement: to the south, following watercourses away from the rocky coast, and navigating past islands teeming with bird life, he found the grassland of the so-called Eastern Settlement. 400 miles to the north he identified another area, much cooler, which he thought would make a good base for hunting expeditions, and this became known as the Western Settlement.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• The promise of the Eastern Settlement, with its green fields, led him to name the territory Greenland, ‘for he argued that men would be drawn to go there if the land had an attractive name’.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 985-1035: Height of the Cola Empire in India, N. Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Ambitious Cola Kings dispatch naval expeditions to the islands of Sumatra and the Malay peninsula (Linden Museum Stuttgart).

• 1012-1035: Reign of Rajendra, son of Rajaraja, over the height of the Cola Empire (Linden Museum Stuttgart).

• 985-1012: Reign of Rajaraja Cola over the height of the Cola Empire (Linden Museum Stuttgart).

• 980: Viking settlers first reach Greenland, which is occupied only in the far north by Native American predecessors of the Inuit known as the Dorset people.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 984: An Icelander named Erik the Red was defeated and exiled, he explored Greenland and led a band of followers to settle the best farm sites there.

• 978-1015: Reign of Rus Grand Duke Vladimir, who leads the Christianization of the Rus (Landesmuseum Württemberg). 

• 978-998: The Samanid State; established in Central Asia, Khorassan and the mountain provinces of Iran, it was one of the most independent states and reputed for its stability (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 976: A severe famine strikes Iceland.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 976-997: The Song Dynasty is ruled Tàizōng, (Tàizǔ’s younger brother), 2nd Song Emperor. Tàizōng meets fierce resistance from the Tibetans, as well as the indigenous tribes of the SW and the Khitans, a nomadic, proto-Mongolian people from the land’s NE of the Great Walls.-China by Jaivin.

• 972: Al Azhar University, built by the Fatimids, is completed in Cairo (NatGeo).

• 969: The Fatamids (909-1171) found the city of Cairo (British Museum).

• 969: The Fatimids conquer Egypt and found ‘Al Qahirah (Cairo)- the Victorious.’ They begin expanding into Palestine and Syria, forming a western Shiite bulwark against the Sunnis in Baghdad (NatGeo).

• 960: King Harold Bluetooth of Denmark is converted to Christianity.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 960-976: The Song Dynasty is ruled by Tàizǔ, 1st Song Emperor; he limits the power of the military and strengthens that of the civil service.-China by Jaivin.

• 960-1125: The N. Song Dynasty rules China.-China by Jaivin.

• 960: Rise of the Song Dynasty; enroute to protect an infant ruler, late in the night, General Zhào Kuāngyìn, awakes to his men surrounding his tent with swords drawn, demanding he usurp the throne.-China by Jaivin.

• 960: Taizu is named first Song Emperor.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 958: The Cham King sends the Arab Merchant Pu Hesan (Abu Hassan or Husain) to the Chinese Emperor with an explosive gift; flasks of an inflammable weapon similar to Greek fire.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 958: Sancho I, ruler of the kingdom of Léon in the north of modern-day Spain, is overthrown by rebel nobles because Sancho I was ‘too fat to fulfill his regal duties with dignity’ (NatGeo). 

• 955: The Hungarians (aka the Magyars) settle in the Pannonian plain, breaking contact between the Southern and Western Slavs.

• 954: The Viking Danelaw Kingdom disintegrates.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• ~950 (-1350): The Islands of New Zealand are settled by the Polynesians.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.  

• ~950: English gloss or interlinear translations are added to the Latin Lindisfarne Gospels (700) biblical manuscript.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 950-1250: Height of the Cahokia in the Mississippi River Valley.-1491 by Mann.

----------950----------

• 943-1148: The Bani Ziri State; founded by Badis Ibn Mansour Ibn Ziri, one of the Fatimid governors of Qairawan in Africa (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 939: The Vikings are expelled from Brittany.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 937-1253: The kingdom of Dali rules Korea.-China by Jaivin.

• 934: The Eldgjá Eruption in Iceland ejects more than 20km3 of Basaltic Lava impacting climate worldwide. 

• 934-968: The Akhshidian State; founded by Mohammad Ibn Taghesh (Al-Akhshid) ruling over Damascus, the Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 933-1048: The Buwaihid State; established first in Persia and then expanded to Iraq after Ahmed Ibn Buwaih invades Baghdad in 946. The state collapses after the Seljuk’s conquer and occupy Baghdad in 1059 during the reign of Al-Qaem Be Amr Allah (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 930: Founding of Althing in Iceland, the oldest existing representative parliament.-1491 by Mann.

• 930: The Icelandic parliament begins meeting every June in Alþing.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 926: The Kingdom of Parhae in the N. of Korea, and part of what is now the borderlands of China and Russia, is overthrown by marauders from the interior. With the fall of Parhae, Japan lost interest in attempting to assert its influence on the mainland.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 925: Discovery of New Zealand (‘Long White Cloud’- Māori) by the Polynesians.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.

• 925: The Kingdom of Croatia is established, led by King Tomislav. 

• 916-1125: The Liáo Dynasty is founded by the Khitans, incorporating a good portion of today’s Hebei province, and making what is now Beijing their capital.-China by Jaivin.

• 911: Oleg the Wise concludes an advantageous trade agreement with Constantinople, which regulates commercial relations between the two states and lays the basis for the development of permanent and lucrative trade between Constantinople and Kievan Rus (Britannica).

• 911: The Franks concede control of what would henceforth become Normandy to the Northmen from whom it took its name.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 910: Catastrophic drought strikes Meso-America (Tree Rings).-Rivers Run Dry by Pearce.  

• 909-1171: The Fatimid Caliphate rules much of N. Africa ranging from the Atlantic Ocean in the W. to the Red Sea in the East, ultimately making Egypt their capital. The Fatimids, a dynasty of Arab origin, trace their ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima and her husband ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, the first Shi’a imam. The Fatimids originated during the Abbasid Caliphate, the Fatamids conquered Tunisia and established the city of “al-Mahdiyya” (Wiki). 

• 909: The Fatimid Caliphate (named for Muhammads daughter, Fatima) is established by Ismaili revolutionaries after conquering Tunis with the help of Berber tribes, and seizing power in N. Africa (NatGeo). 

• 908-1170: The Fatimid State; rule began in Tunisia from which they launch an invasion of Egypt and Syria. They also ruled some territories of Algeria, Morocco, and the Arabian Peninsula, however, their state fell after being invaded by Salah Uddin in 1170 (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 907: Oleg the Wise undertakes an expedition against Constantinople, forcing the Byzantine government to sue for peace and pay a large indemnity (Britannica).

• 907-979: China’s Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.-China by Jaivin.

• 907: Collapse of the Tang Dynasty and rise of the Five Dynasties (with 11 rival states).-China by Jaivin.

• 902: The Vikings are expelled from Dublin.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 902: The Balearic Islands are captured by Issam al-Khawlani and become part of the Emirate of Cordoba. 

• 900-1200: Mesoamerican Post classical period (Mexico City Culture Museo). 

• 900: Mixtec influence penetrates the Central Oaxaca valley by military means following the forced subjucation of the Zapotec city of Zaachila, which after the fall of Monte Alban, held political reign (Mexico City Culture Museo). 

• ~900: Collapse of the Mayan Civilization, possibly following several droughts-Rivers Run Dry by Pearce.  

• ~900: Polynesians somehow reach Rapa Nui (Easter Island).-Collapse by Diamond.  

• ~900-1300: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) (‘Little Climatic Optimum’); a brief climatic interval with increased average global temperatures roughly coinciding with the Middle Ages in Europe (NatGeo). 

• ~900: Spirits are first distilled from wine, probably in Arabia.-Drink by Nutt. 

• 900: The Mixtec rise to power, ruling until 1521, after which the Spanish extend their conquest of the region (NatGeo).

• 900-1521: Mesoamerican Postclassical Period (Mex. City History Museo). 

----------900----------

• 897: Followers of Zaidi Islam, a Shiite sect, establish a dynasty in N. Yemen that endures until the 1960s (NatGeo). 

• End 9c: The Magyar tribes, led by Árpád, settle in Buda and Pest, after being forced out of their original homeland N. Of Bulgaria by Tsar Simeon after the Battle of Southern Buh (Wiki). 

• ~9c: Demise of the Kingdom of Axum, due to internal dissension, the migration of Beja nomads from Sudan, and the rise of Islam.-Surrender or Starve by Kaplan.

• 891: The Franks defeat a Viking Army at the Battle of Louvain (modern Belgium).-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 886-899: Alfred the Great reigns as King of the Anglo-Saxxons. 

• 871-886: Alfred the Great reigns as King of Wessex. 

• After ascending the throne, Alrred spent several years fighting Viking invasions, winning a decisive victory in the Battle of Edington in 878, which resulted in an Anglo-Viking Agreement known as the Danelaw in the North of England. 

• He is the only of King of England to have been given the name “Great.” 

• Life: 849- 26 Oct, 899. 

• Late 9c: Rise of Amalfi, Venice, Pisa, and Genoa as Med seaports in response to the expanding Shi’ite Fatimid dynasty along N. Africa. The increasing dominance of the Genoese, Pisans and Venetians in the spice trade linking the Levant to Europe, and the success of their navies in dominating the Mediterranean Sea routes, prompt the Genizah merchants to turn away from the Med and to look with greater interest at the opportunities offered by the Red Sea and the route bringing spices from India.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• Late 9c: The colonization of Iceland begins after King Harald Fairhair gains control of large swaths of Norway and demands the payment of new taxes. Discontented Norsemen who had lived free from royal interference set off to create their own new commonwealth in a virtually empty land across the ocean.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 870-930: >10K migrate to Iceland, principally from Norway.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 882: Oleg the Wise sails down the Dnieper River with his Varangian retinue and seizes control of Smolensk and Kiev, which he makes his capital, extending his authority E and W of the Volkhov-Dnieper waterway. He unites the local Slavic and Finnish tribes under his rule and became the undisputed ruler of the Kievan-Novgorodian state (Britannica).

• 882: English King Alfred’s newly formed fleet defeats a small Danish squadron; one result was that the ‘great host’ was deflected away from Alfred’s realms and travelled instead up the River Scheldt, to make a nuisance of itself in northern France and Flanders.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 881: Chang’an is sacked by a rebel army, forcing the Tang emperor to flee.-China by Jaivin.

• 879: Oleg the Wise (‘Oleg of Kiev’) succeeds his kinsman Rurik as ruler of Novgorod (Britannica). 

• 879: Last documented date of the Mayan city of Tikal (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 7 Jun, 879: Croatia is first internationally recognized as independent during the reign of Duke Branimir. 

• 878: A ‘great part of the inhabitants’ of Wessex flee across the sea, while the English king, Alfred, takes refuge in the woods and marshes.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 878: Rebel Huang Chao seizes power in Guangzhou, killing ~120K and temporarily destroying the silk trade by felling the mulberry trades on which the silkworms relied upon.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 874: Ingólfur Arnarson and his family arrive in Iceland, taking their place as the first permanent residents in the southwest fjords, a place he called Reykjavík—the Bay of Smokes. Other settlers followed that year.-Brief History by Rutherford.  

• ~872: The Battle of Hafrsfjord and the Unification of Norway (‘Rikssamlingen’). Harald Fairhair gains control of W. Norway and is recognized as the first King of a united Norway (Stavanger City History). 

• 872-874: Construction of Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital in Cairo (NatGeo). 

• 870: The Aghlabids conquer the island of Malta and raid Sardinia and Corsica (Wiki). 

• 870-930: Colonization of Iceland lasts until almost all land suitable for farming had been settled or claimed.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 870: Off-course Viking ships discover and settle uninhabited Iceland.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 870: Middle Francia is portioned into W. and E. Francia, which would form the nuclei of the future Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire, respectively (Wiki). 

• 868-905: The Toulounian State; a Turkish Arabized dynasty rules Egypt, Syria, and Palestine from Egypt. The Toulounian state issues Dinars bearing the name of the Abbasid Caliph and of the Toulounian governor below (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 867-955: The Safarid State; founded by governor Yaaqoub Bin Layth and falls during the governorships of Safarid Ahmed Ibn Muhammad and Khalaf Ibn Ahmad (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 861: Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate with the greatest challenge coming from the rise to power of the Shi‘ite Fatimid dynasty, first in Tunisia (where they had founded the city of Qayrawan- ‘the caravan’, with its Great Mosque), and then in Cairo, where they are able to compete for domination over the Levant.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 860: Catastrophic drought strikes Meso-America (Tree Rings).-Rivers Run Dry by Pearce.   

• 860: Viking raiders besiege and loot Luni, Italy, confusing it for Rome (NatGeo). 

• 859: Muslim fleets set out to challenge Viking raiders, carrying on board flasks of Greek fire and teams of archers; they scour the seas as far away as the N. coast of Spain, so that the presence of these ‘Moors’ (Mauri) alarmed the Christians who ruled there as much as did the arrival of the Vikings. Muslim fleets score a series of successes, culminating in the destruction of 14 Viking ships near Gibraltar.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 859: Vikings raid the Muslim Umayyad dynasty in Córdoba (NatGeo).

• 857: Viking raiders led by Björn Járnsíða (aka Björn Ironside) sack Paris (NatGeo). 

• 857: The Franks drive the Vikings from the River Seine.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 855-857: Reign of Female Pope Joan (Ioannes Anglicus). Her story first appeared in chronicles in the 13c and subsequently spread throughout Europe. The story was widely believed for centuries, but most modern scholars regard it as fictional.-Unto This Last and Others by Ruskin.     

• 855: The Cola Dynasty is established by warrior Vijayalaya Cola, who conquers the city of Thanjavur in the fertile Kaveri River basin (Linden Museum Stuttgart). 

• Mid 9c: Fragmentation of the Carolingian empire.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 851: ~350 Viking Ships penetrate the Thames, ravage London and then march inland, where they are soundly defeated.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• ~850: Islam reaches SE Asia through maritime trade via India, China, and the Middle East (British Museum).

• 850-900: Furusiyya, the Middle Eastern concept of chivalry, flourishes in the Middle East (Louvre Abu Dhabi Museum).

• 850-1300: The Little Climatic Optimum (‘Medieval Warm Period’).-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.     

• 850: Islamic Scholar Ali ibn Rabban al-Tabaric publishes a compendia of question-and-answer drills on medical compendia (NatGeo). 

----------850----------

• 849: The Battle of Ostia; the papal army under Pope Leo IV defeat Arab Saracen forces at Romes port of Ostia and in the Thyrrhenian Sea. Prisoners are forced to build the Leonine Wall protecting the Vatican from future raids (Vatican Museum).

• 846: An Arab force lands at Porto and Ostia annihilating the garrison of Nova Ostia, and move towards Rome. After defeating several smaller armies, Arab forces retreat to their ships are finally defeated by the Lombard army under Duke Guy (Vatican Museum).

• 845: Viking raiders move up the Seine, sacking numerous cities including Paris. Charlemagne’s grandson, Charles the Bald, responded in what would become a standard method of dealing with the Vikings: He paid them to go away (NatGeo). 

• 845: The suppression of the Buddhist Monasteries by the ‘Commissioners of Good Works’ by Chinese Emperor Wuzong of Tang and other imperial officials has been described as ‘the most severe religious persecution in the whole of Chinese history’.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.     

• 844: Vikings sail S. by way of Lisbon and Cádiz to the mouth of the Guadalquivir River, making their way to Seville, where they loot the city for a week, enslaving or killing men, women, and children.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 844: Vikings raid the Muslim Umayyad dynasty in Córdoba (NatGeo). 

• 843: Viking raiders take over the Breton Island of Noirmoutier, using it as base to launch attacks on the French mainland (NatGeo). 

• 843: Following the death of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious was declared his successor who ruled as the Emperor of Romans. However, after his death, the Carolingian empire faced a Civil War because of the internal tussle between the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious who struggled for the emperorship. At last, the Carolingian empire was divided in three parts in August 843 AD through the Treaty of Verdun which ended the three years long Civil War.

• 843: a large Viking fleet plunders up the Loire River in France; the raiders began by capturing the cathedral of Nantes at the river’s mouth and killing the bishop and all the priests.-Collapse by Diamond.

• 842: Oaths of Strasbourg; 

• 843: The Treaty of Verdun; the Frankish Realm is divided into three separate kingdoms: West Francia, Middle Francia, and East Francia (Wiki). 

• 843: ~35 Viking Ships land in Britain.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 841/6: Assassination of Chang Pogo, for being an interloper. A Korean tradition describes how he plotted a dastardly coup against the king, and then was deceived by a refugee courtier named Yomjang or Kim Yang whom he had taken in.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 839: Chang Pogo helps an ally seize the throne in Silla, declaring ‘a person who sees an injustice and does nothing is without courage’.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 838: King Egbert of Wessex scores a victory against Viking raiders near Plymouth.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 837: King Egbert of Wessex is defeated by a Danish warband that arrives off Somerset about ~30 ships.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 836-892: Samarra is the residence of the Abbasid caliphs (British Museum).

• 835: Viking raid the isle of Sheppey, off Kent, wintering there in 855.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 830s: Viking raid Plymouth, where the Danes enter into an alliance with the Cornish Britons.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 829: The inhabitants of the Torcello, one of the islands on which the Venetian Rep. was founded, are moved to the present site on the island of Rivus Altus (Rialto).-Unto This Last and Others by Ruskin.     

• 822: Last documented date of the Mayan city of Copan (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 820: Al-Jabr is published by Mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Baghdad. The book highlighted the usefulness of restoring a quantity being subtracted by adding it to the other side of an equation. He called this process al-jabr (Arabic for “restoring”), which later morphed into “algebra.” One practical impetus at that time was the challenge of calculating inheritances according to Islamic law.-Joy of X by Strogatz.

• 814: Death of Emperor Charlemagne. France, Belgium, northern Spain, western Germany, and Austria become vulnerable (NatGeo). 

• 814: Death of Charlemagne leads to the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire into three major parts, each ruled by Charlemagne’s grandsons- France, Germany, and the East. 

• Early 9c: On the Measurement of the Globe of the Earth is written by Dicuil.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 810: Haithabu is founded following the war between King Godfred and Charlemagne.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• ~810: Danish King Godfred invades Frisia, with 200 ships, carrying off 200lbs of Ag as tribute from one of the most prosperous of Charlemagne’s great empire.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 810: Catastrophic drought strikes Meso-America (Tree rings).-Rivers Run Dry by Pearce.  

• ~800: Paper Currency is introduced in China (NatGeo). 

• 802-1431: Rise of the Khmer civilization in SE Asia; The Khmer reach their height under Hindu kings in the 12th and 13th centuries before crashing in the 15th century.-Rivers Run Dry by Pearce (Dates- NatGeo).

• ~800: The great temple complex at Borobodur is built; abandoned to the jungle a couple of centuries later.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 800-888: The Carolingian Empire is ruled by the Carolingian Dynasty, exercising control on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire over W. and Central Europe (Wiki). 

• 800-1200: The Earth experiences a warm period.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 800: The Hawaiian Islands are first settled by Polynesians most likely from the Marquesas. Tales indicate an ease of movement between Hawaii and Tahiti or the islands around Tonga that persist into the 14c.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 800-1200: Cahokia, a Mississippian Native American culture, rises and thrives in Southern Illinois (NatGeo). 

• 1400: Cahokia is deserted (NatGeo). 

• 1050: Cahokia thrives in S. Illinois with as many as 15,000 people (NatGeo). 

• 800: Villages began to form along the Central Mississippi River Valley with farmers growing maize, beans, and squash (NatGeo). 

• 800: Charlemagne or Charles the Great was a Frankish king who expanded the Frankish kingdom and covered almost all of the Western and Central Europe. He was declared as the Emperor of Romans in 800 AD and he enjoyed the empire successfully till his death. He associated his political steps with the Church and encouraged a revival of art, religion and culture with the help of the Church

• 800: Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans, reviving the title in Western Europe after more than three centuries, thus creating the Carolingian Empire, whose territory came to be known as the Holy Roman Empire.

• 800-1500: The Swahili Empire in E. Africa; Swahili city-states on the shores of the Indian Ocean enjoyed centuries of wealth, thanks to trade linking them to Arabia, India, and beyond (NatGeo). 

• 800: Decline of Monte Alban in Oaxaca; potentially due to a sudden climactic change affecting food reserves, a great drought, demographic pressures, social problems, armed conflicts and/or invasions. The Zapotec city of Zaachila rises in its vacuum (Mexico City Culture Museo). 

• 800: Viking invaders conquer the Orkney’s quickly subduing the indigenous population, known as the Picts; and proceed to use the islands as a base for raiding the nearby British and Irish mainlands, building up a rich, powerful society that remained for some time an independent Norse kingdom.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 800: Off-course Viking ships discover and settle the uninhabited Faeroe Islands.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 800: Carolingian Charlemagne is crowned as the first Emperor of Romans in the West in over three centuries. 

• 800-1400: The Amazonian Marajóara create a sophisticated society with some 100K inhabitants covering thousands of square miles.-1491 by Mann.

• 800: Fall of the Moche polity in N. Coastal Peru, with its capital at Huaca del Sol.-1491 by Mann.

• 800: Start of the decline of Wari and Tiwanaku, both presumably from drought.-1491 by Mann.

• 800-830: Decline of the Mayan Empire as the Mutal and their central cities fade away; due to overpopulation, overuse of natural resources, and drought, the latter shown through ethnohistoric data, rainfall and temperature measurement, O measurements in lake sediments, and studies of Ti levels in the Caribbean floor.-1491 by Mann.

• 800-908: The Aghlabid Dynasty; founded by Ibrahim Ibn Al-Aghlab, considered one of the best governors of Africa when he conquered Sicily in 827. The Aghlabid dynasty was reputed for its economy, commerce and agriculture and was ruled by 12 rulers (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 800: Charlemagne is crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in St Peter’s Basilica, an event so momentous that Charlemagne marked it by giving Leo one of the great medieval relics as a thank you—the Holy Prepuce, better known as Jesus’ foreskin.-Brief History by Rutherford.  

• 800-900: A century-long dry spell strikes the Yucatán.-1491 by Mann.

• 800: Collapse of the Zapotec Empire.-1491 by Mann.

• 800s-1200: The Ancestral Puebloan people farm, trade, and conduct religious ceremonies in the high desert around Chaco Canyon (present day New Mexico) (NatGeo). 

----------800----------

• 799: Last documented date of the Mayan city of Palenque (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 798: Salzburg is elevated by the Pope to an Archbishopric (Hohensalzburg Museum). 

• 794-1185 CE: Heian Dynasty (Japan)

• The last era of classical Japanese History

• Buddhism, Taoism, and other Chinese influences were at their height.

• Nationalization of land undertaken as part of the ritsuryō state decayed as various noble families and religious orders succeeded in securing tax-exempt status for their private shōen manors. By the 11th century more land in Japan was controlled by Shōen owners than by the central government. The imperial court was thus deprived of the tax revenue to pay for its national army. In response, the owners of the shōen set up their own armies of samurai warriors. Two powerful noble families that had descended from branches of the imperial family, the Taira and Minamoto clans, acquired large armies and many shōen outside the capital. The central government began to employ these two warrior clans to help suppress rebellions and piracy.

• Late 8c: Caliph Harun al-Rashid founds the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. The city’s scholars translate many ancient manuscripts and medical texts (NatGeo). 

• 8th Century: Fall of Teotihuacan for unknown reasons.-1491 by Mann.

• 794: The capital city of the Japanese Empire is transferred from Nara to Heian-Kyo (now Kyoto) (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 794: The Annals of Ulster state that there was ‘a laying waste by the heathen of all the islands of Britain’.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 8 Jun, 793: The first of countless Viking Raids began with an attack on the rich but defenseless monastery of Lindisfarne Island off the NE English coast.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 793: The Viking began settling in Medieval Europe; from Ireland and the Baltic to the Mediterranean and Constantinople.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 793: The Vikings raid Lindisfarne and its monastery on the coast of Northumbria; “fiery dragon were seen flying in the air (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).

• 789: Viking raids on England begin with a small Norwegian, or possibly Danish, raid on Portland in Dorset; ‘these were the first ships of the Danes to come to England’ (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). 

• Viking ships swept down the great arc linking the fjords of Norway to Orkney, the Hebrides and then down to Ulster and as far south as the Isle of St Patrick (Inispatrick), close to the site of what would become the major seat of Norse power in Ireland, Dublin.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 791: The Avars are defeated by the Franks.

• 8-13c: The Srivijaya Empire, a loose collection of Malay and Indonesian Confederacies control trade throughout the Strait of Malacca and surrounding areas. 

• 768: Failed Korea Coup; after a failed rebellion against the King, Sillan Prince T’aeryŏm and ‘their three generations: paternal, maternal, and wives’ relatives,’ are executed.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 763: The Western Xià Kingdom (Tibet); shortly after the Tang had retaken Chang’an, a Tibetan army captures and ransacks the city, severing the Tang’s access to the Silk Roads.-China by Jaivin.

• 762: Caliph Al-Mansur founds the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylon.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 762: Baghdad is founded.-Ghengis Khan by Weatherford.

• ~760: The Umayyad state in Andalusia reigns for 284y with 16 Umayyad Caliphs (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• Dec, 755: An Lushan’s Revolt and the Yàn Dynasty; commanding an army of 200K and 30K horses, An Lushan captures the Tang’s secondary capital of Luoyang and declares himself emperor of the new dynasty of Yàn. He then marches on Chang’an, capturing the capital. The emperor and his court flee. An Lushan is shortly after taken down by one of his sons.-China by Jaivin.

• 16 Dec, 755-17 Feb, 1763: The An Lushan Rebellion in China is fought as an 8y civil war during the mid-point of the Tang Dynasty. It starts as a rebellion against the Imperial Government seeking to overthrow it and replace it with the rogue Yan Dynasty (Wiki).

• 752: Sillan Prince T’aeryŏm pays tribute to the Empire of Japan with seven ships and 700 men.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 751: Mayor Charles Martel’s son, Pepin the Short, deposes Childeric III, crowning himself King and inaugurating the Carolingian (Carolus- the Latinized name of Charles Martel) Dynasty. 

• 750-1258: The Abbasid Caliphate of Islam (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 1258: Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate after Holako invades and destroys Baghdad (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 1242-1258: Reign of the last Abbasid Caliph Al-Moatasem Billah, whose reign ends when Holako invades and destroys Baghdad (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 754-755: Reign of 2nd Abbasid Caliph Abu Jafar Al Mansour who establishes the City of Baghdad and defines it as the capital (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 750-754: Reign of 1st Abbasid Caliph Abu Al-Abbas Al-Saffah (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• ~750: The first of the known Viking Raids occurs off Saaremaa, Estonia; all raiders are killed and buried with their ship (Nat Geo). 

• 8c: Ziryab, a couturier, hairdresser and choir-master, brings Abbasid Persian fashions to Spain, introducing underarm deodorant, bouffant hairstyles, and artichokes.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 8c: Moslem armies conquer Persia; a small group of Zoroastrians escape to India. Now known as Parsis and concentrated in and around Bombay, they’ve become one of the wealthiest, best-educated, and most-respected minority groups.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 750: The Abbasid Revolution; the Abbasids overthrows the Umayyad Caliphate, founding its government in Kufa. The Umayyads flee with those from Damascus resettling in al-Andalus, and forming the emirate of Córdoba, Muslim Spain.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 750: Collapse of Teotihuacán, possibly due to fire. Even as a ruined city, Teotihuacán continued to be occupied and visited as a pilgrimage site. The period after the fall of Teotihuacan triggered the appearance of small political centers that competed to control former Teotihuacan trade networks including the city states including Xochicalco, Cacaxtla- Xochitecatl, and Cantona. (Mexico City Culture Museo). 

• 793: Start of the Viking Age; Vikings raid a wealthy Christian community of Lindisfarne in NE England. In the following decades the Vikings secured a trading post in Ireland. Later raids against the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England led to Viking settlements in parts of northeast England, centered on the old Roman fort of Eboracum, which the Vikings called Jorvik—York (NatGeo). 

• Late 700s: Farming communities in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are overpopulated, feeding the desire to expand and seize goods (NatGeo). 

• 8 Jun, 793: The Vikings attack Lindisfarne Priory; the Vikings age begins (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 764: Ellwangen monastery is founded during the Carolingian period, the oldest in Württemberg (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

----------750----------

• 746: The Council of Cannstatt (‘The Blood Court at Cannstatt’); the mayor of the palace of Austrasia and Carloman, the eldest son of Charles Martel, extends an invitation to the nobles of Alemanni. On arrival, Carloman arrests several thousand noblemen, accuses them of taking part in the uprising of Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia and Odilo, Duke of Bavaria, and summarily executes them all for high treason, virtually eliminating the entire tribal leadership of the Alemanni and ending the independence of the duchy of Alamannia, after which it was ruled by Frankish Dukes (Wiki). 

• 746: Alamannic nobles rise up against the ambitious Carolingian chamberlains hoping to restore their lands (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 737: Death of Merovingian King Theuderic IV; he is succeeded by Merovingian Mayor Charles Martel, who rules until the Childeric III is restored to the throne in 743. 

• 734: Japan’s Chinese Emissary, Kibi Makibi, returns with the ‘Sonshi’, a military strategy spy’s treatise.-Ninjutsu by Zoughari.

• ~732: The Battle of Tours-Poitiers; a large caliphate army of Berbers and Saracens led by Abd ar-Rahman plunders across Southern Gaul until they are stopped by forces under Charles Martel. The battle turns the tide of Muslim expansion in Europe (Tom Doherty). 

• 732: Charles the Hammer defeats Moorish Invaders at the Battle of Tours permanently ending Islamic expansion into Western Europe. Charles Martel is considered as one of the founding fathers of feudalism and knighthood of Europe. He prepared the grounds for the establishment of Carolingian Empire. He was the grandfather of Charlemagne.

• 721: The Battle of Toulouse; the Umayyad Caliphate, led by al-Samh is defeated after launching an invasion from al-Andalus to subjugate the cities of Narbonne and Toulouse in an attempt to conquer Aquitania.  The battle turns the tide of Muslim expansion in Europe (Tom Doherty). 

• 712: The Japanese emperor orders one of his officials, Yasumaro, to produce a single coherent version of the Japanese national myth and all its variations. 

• 712-756: The Tang Empire is ruled by Xuanzong Emperor; his 40yr reign is remembered as one of Chinese histories golden or prosperous ages (shèngshì).-China by Jaivin.

• 754: The Tang census counts 53M Chinese, the actual figure is likely closer to 65M or 70M.-China by Jaivin.

• 711: Spain is conquered by Muslim rulers from N. Africa, becoming part of the Islamic world for over 700 years (British Museum).

• Start 8c: The Japanese imperial court begins issuing Ag and then Cu coins, in imitation of Chinese practice, but silk continued to be used as the medium of exchange in high-level dealings with Japan’s neighbors.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.

• 710-794 CE: Nara Dynasty (Japan)

• The first two books produced in Japan appear: Kojiki & Nihon Shoki. 

• 700s-1100s: The Pala Dynasty rules over Bihar and Bengal. Many rulers were Buddhists and the faith flourishes. From there, Buddhism spreads across Asia via trade and pilgrimage networks (British Museum).

• Early 8c: The Nubian kingdoms of Nobatia and Makuria merge into one state centered on Old Dongola. This development, together with the unification of Nubia under a single religion, enables the Nubian kingdoms to resist Islamic expansion and develop without interruption (British Museum).

• 705: Restoration of the Tang dynasty following the assassination of Lady Wu’s brothers, forcing her to give the throne back to Tang Emperor Zhongzong.-China by Jaivin.

• 704: The Battle of Samarkand; following the battle, Muslim forces acquire Chinese papermakers. They build paper mills of their own at Samarkand and at Baghdad, where they translate Galen, Ptolemy, Aristotle, Euclid, Hippocrates, and Dioscorides. Later, they pass the process to Europe by way of Spain.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 700-1200: The Toltec Empire reins in Mesoamerica; independent centers including Xochicalco, Cantona, Cacaxtla, and Tula (Mex City Culture Museo). 

• 700-820: Mesoamerican Toltec city of Tula rises following the fall of Teotihuacan achieving major development between 900-1150, where it was the home of the Sacred City of Quetzalcoatl and the most important settlement in Central Mexico. Tula deployed trade networks throughout the Americas (Mexico City Culture Museo).

• ~700: The Umayyad Dynasty constructs the Great Mosque of Damascus (NatGeo). 

• 700: Decline of Teotihuacan and rise of the Toltec Empire (Mex City Culture Museo). 

• 700: The Lindisfarne Gospels biblical manuscript is written in Latin.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 700: The Dorset, predecessors of the Inuit, expand again to reoccupy Labrador and northwestern Greenland.-Collapse by Diamond.  

----------700----------

• 7c: The Numeral system based on ten symbols (0-9) is first developed in India.-Joy of X by Strogatz.

• 7c:  Assyrians invade Egypt forcing Nubians to permanently retreat to their homelands in present day Sudan (NatGeo). 

• 697: Carthage falls to Arab armies, who begin raiding Mediterranean Islands (Wiki). 

• 697: The Rep. of Venice (aka Venetian Republic or La Serenissima) is founded.

• 696: Umayyad Caliph Abdul Malik ibn Marwan stops the use of Byzantine and Sassanid currencies and orders the issuance of the Dirham- a single Islamic currency that uses the same script as the Dinar (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 696: Salzburg is founded after Theodo II sends Bishop Rupert to Christianize the SE of Bavaria. Rupert chooses the former Roman settlement of Luvavum as the base and built a monastery (Hohensalzburg Museum). 

• 691: The Great Mosque (‘Dome of the Rock’) is built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, over the place where Muslims believe that Mohammed began his “night-journey” in which the glories of heaven were revealed to him. Traditionally, this is also the place where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice Isaac (Genesis 22), and the site of the Hebrew Temple before its destruction by the Romans in AD 70.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 690-705: Reign of Empress Wu Zétiān over the short-lived Zhou dynasty.-China by Jaivin.

• 690: Fall of Tang Emperor Ruìzōng; Lady Wu declares herself Empress Wǔ Zétiān, becoming the only woman in China ever to rule in her own name.-China by Jaivin.

• ~690: Rapa Nui is settled by the Polynesians.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• Late 7c: Rulers of Central and Southern Japan begin using the name of Nihon, or Nippon, ‘Land of the Rising Sun”, from which the Western term ‘Japan’ is derived.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 684: Death of Tang Emperor Gaozong, Zhōngzōng (Gaozong’s 28yo son) assumes the throne as Emperor Zhōngzōng. Less than two months later, empress Wu had him replaced by his younger brother, Ruìzōng with herself as regent after accusing him of wanting to turn the empire over to his father-in-law.-China by Jaivin.

• 10 Oct, 680: The Day of Ashura; Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, along with a group of his followers, are massacred by soldiers of the evil usurper Yazid in Karbala, Iraq.-21 Lessons by Harari.

• 680: The son and followers of Fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib are slaughtered at Karbala by Sunni rivals, galvanizing the Shiite cause (NatGeo). 

• 661-750: The Umayyad Caliphate, the 2nd of 4 established after the death of Muhammad. The Umayyads continue the Muslim conquests, incorporating Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb, and Hispania (Al-Andalus) under Islamic rule. The Dynasty was overthrown by a rebellion led by the Abbasids in 750. Survivors of the dynasty established themselves in Cordoba (Wiki). 

• 661: Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Fourth Caliph, is murdered (NatGeo). 

• 660-749: The Umayyad Caliphate of Islam (Al Fahidi Coin Museum).

• 656: Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law is named fourth caliph (NatGeo). 

• 656: Merovingian Palace Mayor Grimoald I places his son Childebert on the throne in Austrasia; he is arrested and executed, however his sone rules until 662. 

• 650-1377: The Śri Vijaya trading kingdom based at Palembang on Sumatra is the focal point of a trading network connecting the SCS, the W. Pacific, and the Indian Ocean.  

• 7-8c: The Sakimori are based in Kyushu and on Tsushima to defend Japanese imperial territory against invaders.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 7c: The Korean Civil War is fought between Silla, supported by the Tang Dynasty and Paekche, who turns to Japan for help.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 663: The Battle of Hakusuki; the Chinese fleet defeats a Japanese fleet off the coast of Korea. Henceforth, Japanese aggression in these waters is limited to pirate raids.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.     

• 652: Nubian-Christian forces repel Arab invaders and negotiate a truce, the ‘Baqt’, which endures for 600y (NatGeo). 

• 650-900: Mesoamerican Epiclassical Period (Mex. City History Museo). 

• 800-1150: Tula Culture. 

• 650-900: Mesoamerican Epiclassic Period; numerous cities rise and fall including Xochicalco in the valley of Morelos, regarded as the cradle of the veneration and deification of Quetzalcoatl (Mexico City Culture Museo). 

• ~650: Buddhism is introduced to Tibet from Tang Princess Wénchéng, who was given as a bride to the Tibetan Warrior King, Songtsen Gampo.-China by Jaivin.

----------650----------

• 649: Death of Tang Emperor Taizong, Gāozōng (Taizong’s son), assumes the throne, fetching Lady Wu (aged 24) back to the palace as Empress (palace women were customarily sent to Buddhist Convents after the death of the emperor).-China by Jaivin.

• 645: Monk Xuánzàng returns to Chang’an from India via the Silk Roads with 520 boxes of Sutras.-China by Jaivin.

• 642: Alexandria falls to Muslim Arab invaders (NatGeo). 

• 640: Arab conquest of Egypt; arrival of Islam in Africa (NatGeo). 

• 638: Jerusalem comes under Muslim rule. For some centuries the Muslim rulers are tolerant of the Jews and Christians who lived and worshipped in the city.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 636: The Battle of Yarmouk River (modern Syria-Jordan border); Arab forces decisively defeat a Byzantine Army led by Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r 610-641). In the years that follow, the East Roman Levantine provinces, Syria and Egypt, become Arab (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 636-638: The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Wiki). 

• 638: The Byzantine city of Jerusalem falls to Muslim invaders of the Rashidun caliphate (Wiki). 

• ~632: The Quran, the foundational text of Islam, is written by Muhammad in Arabia. Muslims believe the text was orally revealed by God through the Angel Gabriel between ~609-632. In classical Arabic, “Quran” literally means “that which is often recited.” For Muslims, the Quran is the final definitive revelation of God, superseding all others. It contains laws, commandments, and prophecies, some of which are intended to correct errors in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible.-Documents that changed the world.

• 632: Death of Prophet Muhammad. No heir is named and a fierce struggle for leadership arises, dividing his followers into two factions- the Sunnis, who advocated for Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s friend and father in law, and the Shiites, who supported Ali bin Abi Talib, Muhammad’s cousin and son in law. The Sunni majority wins and Abu Bakr becomes the first Muslim caliph; Islam begins expanding beyond Arabia to Persia, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and North Africa (NatGeo). 

• 8 Jun, 632: Death of Islamic Prophet Muhammed (Topkapi Palace Museum). 

• 632: Death of Islamic Prophet Mohammed.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 23 Feb, 632: The Farewell Hajj; Mohammed travels from Medina to Mecca, performing the pilgrimage (Topkapi Palace Museum). 

• 631- 658: Disintegration of Samo’s Kingdom (modern Slovakia) upon the death of King Samo. 

• Apr, 627: The Battle of Hendek (Ahzab); the Islamic State of Medina defeats the Quarishites (Topkapi Palace Museum). 

• 627: The Battle of Nineveh; The Byzantine Eastern Holy Roman Empire defeats the Sassanians, the last Iranian empire before the Muslim conquests of the 7c and 8c (NatGeo). 

• 626-649: Reign of Taizong (Lǐ Shìmín, Yuan’s son), the 2nd Tang emperor, who ensures his own ascension by murdering his two brothers.-China by Jaivin.

• 637: Tang Emperor Taizong takes Lady Wǔ (aged 12) as concubine.-China by Jaivin.

• 626: Samo’s Revolt; Slavs inhabiting the areas of the Upper Deava and Upper Sava Rivers join in revolt against the Avars led by Samo (Slovenia Museum). 

• 625: King Samo unites the Alpine and Western Slavs against the Avars and Germanic peoples, establishing Samo’s Kingdom. 

• 23 Mar, 625: The Battle of Uhud; the Islamic State of Medina defeats the Quarishites near the mountain of Uhud (Topkapi Palace Museum). 

• 13 Mar, 624: The Battle of Bedir; the Islamic State of Medina defeats the Quarishites in their first battle (Topkapi Palace Museum). 

• 622: Prophet Muhammad departs from Mecca for Medina; marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar (NatGeo). 

• 15 Jun, 622: Mohammed flees Mecca for Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic Calendar (Landesmuseum Württemberg). 

• 618-900: China is ruled by the T’ang Empire. During this period, it expands westwards along the Silk Road, and opens up to trade and interaction with its western neighbors. The invention of printing and gunpowder take place during the T’ang dynasty (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 618-907: The Tang dynasty rules China. The first Tang emperors govern extensive territories and secure safe overland trade routes into W. Asia. A major junction on the Silk Roads, the Tang Capital Chang’an, was the most international and populous city in the world (British Museum).

• 618-626: Reign of Lǐ Yuān, the 1st Tang emperor.-China by Jaivin.

• 618-907: The Tang Dynasty rules China.-China by Jaivin.

• 617: Fall of the Sui dynasty, rise of the Tang dynasty. The Tang pacify the N. frontier, securing access to the Silk Roads, thus extending influence throughout Central Asia. They divide the country into 10 (later 15) provinces, introduce a penal code that includes collective punishment, and practice princess diplomacy.-China by Jaivin.

• 614: Zadar becomes the capital of the Byzantine theme of Dalmatia. 

• 610: Mohammed receives his calling as a prophet. He begins his preaching some 3y later in Mecca. Mohammed preached a monotheism that identified Allah, the chief god of Mecca, as the sole God of the universe who alone must be worshipped. The main practical consequence for believers was acceptance of the equality of all people before God, and the duty of all to care for the less fortunate, Mohammed claimed that he was only the last of a line of prophets sent by God, which included Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, but to Mohammed God dictated a sacred book through an angel that contains all that is needed for belief, the regulation of personal life and the organization of society. This book, the Koran (or Qu'ran), is in Arabic and is divided into 114 chapters or suras.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 610-641: Reign of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 610-632: The Quran, the holy book if Islam, is transmitted through Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad (Louvre Abu Dhabi Museum).

• Early 7c: Archbishop Isidore of Seville, pens the “Etymologiae,” an encyclopedia that circulates widely showing the world as a circle surrounded by oceans and divided by seas into three bodies of land, Asia, Europe, and Africa, inhabited by the descendants of the three sons of Noah: Shem, Japheth, and Ham.-These Truths by Lepore.

• Early 7c: Etymologies is written by St. Isidore of Sevilla, showing the earth as spherical (Britannica). 

• 607: The Japanese ruler write a letter to the Chinese emperor stating ‘the Son of Heaven in the Land of the Rising Sun sends this letter to the Son of Heaven in the Land Where the Sun Sets’.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 600: Collapse of the Aksumite Empire (Ethiopia). The kingdom, which had been Christian since the 4c, had developed along the Eastern Red Sea coast of Ethiopia (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 600: The Old High German language is established (from which modern German derives) (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 600: ‘The First Reopening’; Jamaica and Bahamas are first settled.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• ~600: Tahiti and the Society Islands are first visited by the Polynesians (the earliest inhabited sites on these islands that have been discovered date from somewhere between 800-1200).-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 600-1000: Chinese Influence as Philippines trade with first the Tang Dynasty and then then Song Dynasty increases. Manila Galleons- biggest wooden trading ships ever built. 

• 600-1221: Height of Chichen Itza.

• 600-800: The Cooks, Societies, and Marquesas, which are the East Polynesian islands most accessible from West Polynesia, are colonized and become, in turn, the sources of colonists for the remaining islands.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 600s: Buddhism is introduced to the Tibetan plateau from India. It is fully established by the 1000s, interacting with the indigenous Bön religion (British Museum).

• 600: Porcelain, the transformation of clay into beautiful objects, is first produced in China (British Museum).600: Mesoamerican’s begin writing.-These Truths by Lepore.

• 600: Mesoamerican city Cantona in the Oriental Basin in Puebla is first occupied, peaking between 600-800 as it controlled Obsidian in the region. Cantona grew to become the largest site in Central America during the epiclassic, trading with Oaxaca, Teotihuacan, and the Gulf Coast (Mexico City Culture Museo).

• 600: Introduction of Pepper Berry Wine from fermented Peruvian pepper trees (NatGeo). 

• 600: Hawaii’s first settlers import sugarcane, kō in Hawaiian, to the islands (UH-Manoa).

• 600: Mediterranean sailboat technology reaches Scandinavia.-Collapse by Diamond.

----------600----------

• 597: Augustine of Canterbury introduces Monasticism to Britain.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 6c: Wari rise to prominence in the Peruvian Andes.-1491 by Mann.

• 6c: The earliest attempts at “human-powered flight” occur when Chinese emperor Kao Yang got curious about the potential for large kites to lift human bodies. Yang strapped a number of variations onto prisoners and pushed them off tall towers.-Rise of Superman by Kotler.

• 589: The Suí dynasty reunites the North and South despite recurring rebellions throughout the land; one by Lǐ Yuān, the general charged with defending the Sui’s northern border, who conquers the Sui.-China by Jaivin.

• 584-591: Frankish King Childebert II wages Italian Campaigns (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 570-596: Reign of Merovingian King Childebert II (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 570: The prophet of Islam, Muhammad, is born in Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula. 

• 6c: The Plague of Justinian (Yersinia pestis) devastates the Byzantine Empire, killing ~25M people (NatGeo). 

• 6c: The Croats arrive in the Balkans, organizing the territory into two duchies. 

• 581-618: China is briefly unified under the Sui Dynasty (British Museum).

• 580: Nubia is officially converted to Christianity by Byzantine missionaries (British Museum).

• Late 500s: Anglo-Saxons in Britannia begin converting to Christianity (British Museum).

• 570: Birth of future Islamic Prophet Mohammed into a prominent family in Mecca.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 570: Birth of Prophet Muhammad. At this time, the Middle East was controlled by two major powers: the Sasanians (224-651) and the Byzantines (306-1453) (British Museum).

• 568: The Lombards, a Germanic people from W. Hungary, invade Italy and succeed in establishing a Lombardic Kingdom that rules for two centuries (British Museum).

• 568: The Lombards, the last Germanic tribe, departs the Eastern Alps. Slavic tribes fill the void and establish a Slavic settlement under pressure from the Avars. 

• 568-774: The Lombard’s (aka the Langobards) rule the Italian Peninsula establishing the Kingdom if Italy. 

• 774: The Kingdom of Italy is conquered by the Frankish King, Charlemagne, and integrated into the Frankish Empire. 

• 572: The Lombard’s capture Pavia. 

• 569: The Lombard’s conquer all of N. Italy. 

• 568: The Lombard’s, from the Elbe in N. Germany, invade Italy unopposed. 

• 565: Death of Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great (Vatican Museum).

• 560-580: Southern Slavs settled in the upper reaches of the Sava, Drava, and Mura Rivers, and in NE Istria.

• 554: The Western Imperial Court in Ravenna is formally dissolved by Justinian. 

• ~550-700: Mayan Civil War

• 5 Aug, 695: Mutal- Kaan Battle; The Mutal defeat the Kaan in battle; Kaan’s loss marks the onset of the Maya collapse. Kaan never recovered from its defeat; Mutal lasts only a century or so more.-1491 by Mann.

• 30 Apr, 679: Mayan Mutal-Kaan Battle; The Mutal under King Nuun Ujol Chaak are defeated by the Kaan, however a counterrevolutionary coup later places Mutal King Chaak’s son on the throne.-1491 by Mann.

• 672: Mutal King Nuun Ujol Chaak plots revenge against Kaan and its allies attacking Dos Pilas, ejecting his brother, and unifying Tikal.-1491 by Mann.

• 620: Mayan Civil War; Mutal Nuun Ujol Chaak rises to power. Determined to reestablish Mutal’s former glory, he suborns Kaan’s eastern neighbor, the Naranjo, which had previously attacked Mutal’s former ally, Oxwitza’. The ensuing conflict spiraled out to involve the entire center of the Maya realm. Decades of conflict, including a long civil war in Mutal, led to the formation of two large blocs, one dominated by Mutal, the other by Kaan.-1491 by Mann.

• 29 Apr, 562: The Star Wars Assault of the Mayan Civil War; the Kaan under Sky Witness and the Oxwitza’ march on Mutal and crush the city between them, killing its king.-1491 by Mann.

• 553: The King of Oxwitza’ assumes the throne by action of the Mutal (as a vassal).-1491 by Mann.

• ~550: ‘Sky Witness’ assumes control of the Mayan Kaan, setting out to destroy Mutal by ringing it with a chain of client states and allies; his first step was to suborn Mutal’s most important vassal, the king of Oxwitza’ (known as Caracol). With 115K people, Oxwitza was twice as populous as Mutal and controlled almost as much territory. Yet it had become Mutal’s vassal soon after Teotihuacan installed the new dynasty.-1491 by Mann.

• 6c: Buddhism is imported to Japan from China via Korea.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 550-1300: The Anasazi live at Mesa Verde (Wright, unk). 

• 550-580: Western Slavs settle into areas along the Danube River between Train and the Vienna Woods, and along the upper Mura into the inner area of the E. Alps (Slovenia Museum). 

----------550----------

• 543: Emissaries of Roman Emeror Justinian introduces Christianity to Sudan, giving rise to a succession of Christian Nubian kingdoms (NatGeo). 

• 542: Construction of Basilica (Yerebatan) Cistern in Istanbul by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinianus (Istanbul Street History).

• 6c: Rise of the port of Myos Hormos following the abandonment of Bereniké seaport, possibly due to a combination of the plague of Justinian and local wars in which Axum in E. Africa with ports at Adulis, and Himyar in S. Arabia with ports at Kané, emerge under Christian and Jewish kings who were keen rivals. Both ports form a link in the chain connecting the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean, under its Islamic name of Qusayr al-Qadim.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 6c: The Korean kingdoms of Silla, Koguryō and Paekche began paying tribute to Japan.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.   

• 541: Yersinia Pestis, arrived from China, decimates Eurasia; the epicenter of the infection being Constantinople, ruled as the Byzantine Empire under Justinian. The pandemic kills ~25M people across Europe, Asia, and Africa.-Brief History by Rutherford.  

• Historians speculate that the obliteration of so many souls over the waves that followed for the next two centuries made significant contributions to the end of Rome’s rule, and plague-weakened armies opened the door to people of the Middle East.-Brief History by Rutherford.  

• 541: The Plague of Justinian (bubonic plague) kills scores across Eurasia (Wiki). 

• 540-542: Bubonic Plague spreads through Africa and Eurasia killing untold numbers.-Smithsonian Nat. History Museum.

• 538-710 CE: Asuka Dynasty (Japan)

• Arrival of Buddhism from the Korean Kingdom of Baekje.

• Shōtuku authored the 17 article Constitution, a Confucian inspired code of conduct for officials and citizens, and attempted to introduce a merit-based civil service called the Cap and Rank System.

• 607 BCE: In a letter to the Emperor of China, Shōtuku refers to Japan as the "land of the rising sun.

• 6th Century: The Plague of Justinian moves along trade routes, killing 25 million people across Asia, Africa, Arabia, and Europe (Vatican Museum).

• 537: The Merovingians extend their rule into Raetia. 

• 536-560: The Late Antique Little Ice Age; a period of below normal temperatures caused by several large Volcanoes that causes crop failures, famine, and kills millions (Wiki). 

• 547: A volcanic eruption extends the global low temperatures period started by the Krakatoa eruption of 536.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 539-540: A volcanic Eruption causes summer temperatures to decline upwards of 2.7 C below normal in Europe (Wiki). 

• Late 535/536: The Volcanic Eruption of Krakatoa ejects massive amounts of sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere, reducing solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface and colling the atmosphere for several years. Summer temperatures in 536 fell by upwards of 2.5 C below normal in Europe (Wiki). 

• 536/537: Alamannia falls to the Franks after Vitiges, one of Ostrogoth King Theodoric successor’s, hands them over to the Franks, who establish the Southern area as the Frankish duchy of Alamannia (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 536: A volcanic eruption in the Northern Hemisphere brings 14 years of extended cold in Scandinavia and sparks the Nordic legend of Ragnarok said to begin with Fimbulwinter, a deadly time when the sun turns black and the weather turns bitter and treacherous (NatGeo). 

• 535-554: The Long Gothic War is fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom. 

• 534: The Merovingians defeat the Burgundians

• 533: The Battle of Tricamarum; the Vandals are defeated by the Byzantine Armies of Justinian I led by General Belisarius (Wiki). 

• 533: The Romans take back N. Africa, expelling the Vandals for good (Vatican Museum).

• 529-534: Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) is introduced by Roman Emperor Justinian covering the field of law. The Justinian code persists as the foundation of law in most civil-law countries.-IWM by Heathcote.

• 527: Completion of the Church of St. Polyeuktus in Istanbul, commissioned by noblewoman Anicia Juliana, and built based on biblical descriptions of the Temple of Solomon (NatGeo). 

• 525: Marriage of Justinian and Theodora. Justinian consolidates the Byzantine empire, drives out the barbarians, establishes the famous Justinian Code, and initiates most of the architectural feats associated with Byzantine glory.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 525: Ethiopia, encouraged by the Byzantine emperor, invades Judaic Himyar (Yemen) with an army of ~120K. The Christian Ethiopians destroy synagogues and kill a large number of Himyarites, descendants of Jewish tribes.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 520: The Council of Chalcedon meets to debate the divinity/mortality of Jesus Christ (NatGeo). 

• 518-618: The Sui Dynasty rules China; the Sui construct the Grand Canal with a parallel road, linking Beijing with Hángzhōu and distribute land based on people’s ability to cultivate it.-China by Jaivin.

• 516-534: Danish-Frankish War; forces under Danish King Hygelac raid Frank territories carrying away goods and people. In response, Frankish King Theodoric of the Merovingian dynasty dispatches his son with an army and defeats the Danes at sea, killing King Hygelac and recovering the stolen booty and captives.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• Beowulf recalls the tragedy of Hygelac’s death in ‘Frisia’, in a battle where Beowulf fought as well, escaping from danger by swimming away loaded with a great pile of armour that he had seized as booty.

• 511: Death of Frankish King Clovis I (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 509: The Franks and the Northern Gaulish Romans unite under the Merovingian

• 507: The Merovingian’s defeat the Visigoths. 

• 506: The Alamanni suffer a final defeat at the hands of Clovis I, losing their entire northern territory as a result (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 500: Coffee is cultivated in Africa.-Smithsonian Nat. History Museum.

• 500: Germanic tribes conquer the Western Roman Empire, starting the middle ages. 

• ~500: Fall of the Western Roman Empire due to invasions, religious infighting, and political strife which disrupts civic and economic life (British Museum).

• 500: Chess originates in India and spreads to Europe through the Islamic presence in S. Spain and Italy (British Museum).

• 500: King Yuknoom Ch’een assumes control over the Mayan Kaan.-1491 by Mann.

• 500: Introduction of Fruit Beer, a medieval brew flavored with native herbs such as bog myrtle and rosemary, instead of hops (NatGeo). 

• 500: Puhar in India disappears beneath the waves, possibly due to a volcanic eruption.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 500: The first wave of Roma (‘Gypsies’) arrive in Europe from NW India. They migrate through to the Balkans, and disperse via Bulgaria around the 11c.-Brief History by Rutherford.  

----------500----------

• 496: The Battle of Tolbiac; Frankish King Clovis I defeats an Alamannic force, establishing his hegemony over the N. part of the Alamannic territory while the southern part comes under the protection of Theodoric, the Great king of the Ostrogoths (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 5th-6th Centuries: The Mythical Era of King Arthur fighting off Saxon (Germanic) invaders. 

• 484: The Nvarsak Treaty is signed by Armenia and the Sassanid Empire, guaranteeing religious freedom to Christians in Armenia and autonomy to Armenia. 

• 482-511: Reign of Frankish Merovingian King Clovis (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 481-511: Reign of Merovingian King Clovis I, whose name later evolves into Louis. Clovis’ four sons divided the kingdom between themselves along Austrasia, Neustria, Burgundy, and Aquitaine. 

• 25 Jan, 477: Death of Vandal King Gaiseric; the Vandals fall into disarray (Vatican Museum).

• 476: Collapse of the Western Roman Empire when Germanic invaders conquer Rome.

• 476-1500: The Middle Ages (‘Dark Ages’, ‘Medieval Times’- Medius aevum- Latin) between the fall of the Roman Empire and the onset of the Renaissance in Italy.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 1300-1500: The Late Middle Ages.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 900/1000- 1300: The High Middle Ages.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 476-900/1000: Early Middle Ages; dominated by Charlemagne.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 465: Restoration of Roman Rule over the Balearic Islands. 

• 460-475: The Vandals successfully repel waves of Roman armies intent on revenging the empire from the sack of 455 (Vatican Museum).

• 459: Collapse of the Hun Empire. 

• 455: The Vandals, a Germanic tribe thought to have migrated from Scandinavia, sack Rome, raiding the cities wealth, but leaving the buildings intact, before heading home to Carthage (Vatican Museum).

• 455: Roman Emperor Valentinian III is murdered by Petronius Maximus. Vandal King Gaiseric declares the Vandal treaty with Rome invalid and marches on Rome (Vatican Museum).

• 454: The Battle of Nedao; the Huns are defeated. 

• 453: Death of Attila the Hun due to a hemorrhage on his wedding night.  

• 452: Pope Leo the Great meets Attilla the Hun in Mantua, convincing him to renounce his invasion of Italy and march on Rome (Vatican Museum).

• 452: The Huns Invade Italy

• 26 May, 451: The Battle of Avarayr; Armenia with ~60K men under the command of Vartan Mamikonian (Saint Vartan) defeat the Zoroastrian Sassanid Empire with over 220K men. The Sassanid’s sought to forcibly convert the Armenians from Christianity. 

• 451: The Council of Chalcedon meets to debate the divinity/mortality of Jesus Christ (NatGeo). 

• 451: The Huns invade the Western Roman Province of Gaul and are defeated at the Battle of the Catalunian Fields by a combined army of romans and Visigoths. 

• 5c: Japan appropriates a written language from China.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 450-751: The Merovingian (from King Merovech) Dynasty; the Franks rule much of Western Europe. 

----------450----------

• 447-449: Attila invades the Balkans and Thrace. War comes to an end after the Romans agree to pay the Huns an annual tribute of 2100lb of gold.

• 445: Bleda dies (supposedly murdered by Attila) leaving Attila in sole lead of the Huns. 

• 443: Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II signs the Peace of Anatolius. 

• 440: The Romans breach the Treaty of Margus and the Huns attack Roman forts on the Danube leading to war. 

• 439-518: The Northern and Southern Dynasties rule China.-China by Jaivin.

• 439: The Vandals capture Carthage (modern Tunisia). Vandal King Gaiseric (aka Genseric) makes Carthage the Vandal capital (Vatican Museum).

• 435: The Huns and the Romans sign the treaty of Margus giving the huns trade rights and annual tribute. 

• 434: Brothers Attila and Bleda rule the Huns together. 

• 432: St. Patrick begins his mission to Ireland.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 430: The Pauline Chapel in Rome is constructed under Roman Pope Sixtus III.-Human Universe by Cox.

• 430: Unification of the Hun Tribes under brothers Rugila and Octar.

• 427: Rome’s Balearic Islands fall to the Vandals led by Gunderic, who use the islands as a base to loot and plunder Mediterranean Settlements. 

• 421: San Giacomo di Rialto church is founded in the original center of Venice.-Unto This Last and Others by Ruskin.     

• Early 5c: Infamous pirate, Lu Xun, is defeated in the South China Sea.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 420: Collapse of the Jin Dynasty in China.-China by Jaivin.

• 410: Fall of the Western Roman Empire; Visigoth’s invade and sack Rome.-War by NatGeo.

• 410: Roman legions withdraw from Roman Britannia.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 410: Roman forces withdraw from Britain. Germanic peoples from NW Europe settle parts of S. and E. Britain, eventually forming a new Anglo-Saxon culture (British Museum).

• 410: Sack of Rome by Alaric (Vatican Museum).

• 410: The Sack of Rome by the Visigoths led by Alaric.-SPQR by Beard.

• 406: The Vandals cross the Rhine River, migrating into Spanish Gaul (Vatican Museum).

• 401: The last Roman bastion in Württemberg at Vemania is abandoned because the border troops are recalled to fight the Visigoths (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 400-750: The Licchavi dynasty rule over the Kathmandu Valley, maintaining close ties with the Indian Gupta Empire (British Museum).

• ~400: Egypt’s population is a Christian majority (Coptic Christians; Copt- Qibit, Arabic; Qibit- Aigyptios- Greek) (British Museum).

• ~400: Decline of Hopewell society in N. America.-1491 by Mann.

----------400----------

• 4c: The previous Kush capital of Meroe is abandoned (NatGeo). 

• 4c: The Maya consist of ~60 statelets scattered across modern N. Belize, Guatemala, and the Yucatán.-1491 by Mann.

• 395-1453: The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire rules over Italy, Greece, Balkans, Anatolia, Levant, and N. Africa (IST Airport Museum).

• 395: The Roman Empire splits into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople (British Museum).

• 393: Roman Emperor Theodosius I abolishes the Olympics by decree, believing them to be spreading paganism (Lausanne Olympic Museum).

• 391: The Theodosian Decrees are issued by Roman Emperor Theodosius, effectively making all religions except Christianity and Judaism illegal (Judaism too was persecuted in numerous ways, but it remained legal to practice it). One could be executed even for worshipping Jupiter or Mithras in the privacy of one’s home. As part of their campaign to cleanse the empire of all infidel heritage, the Christian emperors also suppressed the Olympic Games. Having been celebrated for more than a thousand years, the last ancient Olympiad was held sometime in the late fourth or early fifth century.-21 Lessons by Harari.

• 390: Birth of Maewyn, later St. Patrick in Britain. At 16, Maewyn was kidnapped and sold into slavery in Ireland where he tended sheep for 6-7 years. After escaping back to Britain, Maewyn was ordained as a priest and changed his name to Patricius or Patrick (Latin: patr- father). He returned to Ireland to proselytize and was largely forgotten (NatGeo). 

• 386-534: The Northern Wei Dynasty rules much of N. China (British Museum).

• 382: St. Jerome makes a Latin translation of the Pentateuch (‘the Vulgate’), which is still used by the Roman Catholic Church.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 382: The Western church led by Pope Damascus holds a synod in Rome to establish biblical canon.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• May, 381: Roman Emperor Theodosius holds an ecumenical council at Constantinople, intended to confirm the Nicene creed end all confrontation among sects of Christianity.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 4c: Egypt’s Coptic alphabet replaces Hieroglyphics (British Museum).

• 380: Christianity is raised to the status of Roman state religion (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 380: Christianity becomes the official faith of the Roman Empire (NatGeo).

• 14 Jan, 378: The Teotihuacán led by General Siyaj K’ak’ arrive in the Maya Mutal court of Tikal, attacking the city and killing Mutal King Chak Tok Ich’aak.-1491 by Mann. 

• 378: A group of Teotihuacan dignitaries under the command of a noble called Siyaj K’ak’ meets with and begins trading with the Mayans (Mexico City Culture Museo). 

• 370-430: The Huns spread out from the Mongolian steppes and conquer countries from India to Rome. Unable to sustain contact among the various clans, they quickly assimilate into the cultures they conquer.-Ghengis Khan by Weatherford. 

• 370s: The Huns migrate into Central Europe forcing the ‘barbarian’ tribes including the Vandals, who had recently adopted christianity, to migrate South and West into the Roman Empire (Vatican Museum).

• 367: The Eastern churches 39th Paschal Letter of Athanasius settles the biblical canon.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 357: The first recorded zero in the Americas occurs in a Maya carving.-1491 by Mann.

• 357: Battle of Argentoratum; 

• 354: The Christian church under Pope Liberius (352-366) co-opted the birthday of Mithras and declared December 25 to be the birthday of Jesus Christ.

• 4-5c: Waves of Korean refugees arrive in Japan.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 4c: Japanese Sea Raiders use Tsushima as a base for attacks on the Korean coast.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 350-1500: The Makuria Kingdom rules Sudan’s 4th cataract region after the fall of the Kushite state (British Museum).

• 4c: Rise of the Alamanni in Central Europe as a number of dominions of petty kings that occasionally join forces in raids against the Romans and their Germanic neighbors (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 350: Collapse of the Kingdom of Kush; the Axum Kingdom invades the Kushite capital of Meroe, bringing Kush dominance of the city to an end (NatGeo). 

----------350----------

• 6 Dec, 346: Death of Nicholas of Myra (Modern Turkish Anatolia); a Greek Christian bishop known for miracles and secret gift giving. Aka Nicholas the wonder worker, he is identified with Santa Claus. Beliefs and traditions about Nikolaus were probably combined with Germany mythology, particularly regarding stories about the bearded pagan god Odin, who had a bag to capture naughty children. 

• 340-540: Gothic peoples migrate from the E. and settle many parts of Europe. Initially groups settled around the Black Sea and the Crimea and later many migrate further west (British Museum).

• 339: Roman Emperor Theodosius ends the Olympics, branding them pagan cults (US Olympic Museum). 

• 337: Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity on his deathbed.-SPQR by Beard

• 331: Roman Emperor Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople, the new city he had built to command the sea passage from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 330: Roman Emperor Constantine moves Rome’s imperial capital to Constantinople (British Museum).

• 325: The Council at Nicaea is convened by Roman Emperor Constantine to determine the exact status of Jesus Christ as God. The Council sets out the basic beliefs of Christianity in a creed for universal acceptance. The council adopted the Nicene Creed, which affirms that father and son are of one being, while Arianism, the view of the Libyan Arius that Christ was not the literal son of God, was condemned. Nicaea was followed by six more ecumenical councils during the following four and a half centuries to try to settle further controversies and establish a form of Christianity agreed by all Christians. They met at Constantinople (381), Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451), Constantinople again (553 and 680), and Nicea (787).-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 325: The Nicene Creed is avowed by the church at its first ecumenical council, affirming belief in the Holy Trinity. By the end of the 4c, Christians had put together a testament of their own, comprising the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, twenty-one epistles, and the Revelation of St. John the Divine.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 324: Battle of Adrianople; Roman Emperor Constantine I defeats his co-emperor Licinius, who flees to Byzantium (NatGeo). 

• 320-480: The Gupta Empire rules much of India.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 320-550: The Gupta Empire rules over Northern and Central India (British Museum).

• 376-415: Reign of Chandragupta II over the height of the Gupta Empire (British Museum).

• 317-420: The Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty rules China.-China by Jaivin.

• 313: The Edict of Milan; Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius guarantee freedom of religion to Christians in the Roman empire (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• Early 4c: The Kingdom of Aksum (modern N. Ethiopia & Eritrea) converts to Christianity with the bible translated into the local language, Ge’ez.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 313: Roman Emperor Constantine decrees that Christianity is to be considered a legal religion. 

• 313: The Edict of Milan; joint Roman Emperors Constantine (c. 306-337) and Licinius (308-314) grant Christianity legal recognition.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 313: The Edict of Milan ends Christian persecutions started by Roman Emperor Diocletian and allows Christians to worship freely (NatGeo). 

• 312: Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 311: Battle of the Milvian Bridge; Forces led by Constantine I defeat Roman Emperor Maxentius (Vatican Museum).

• 308-312: Reconstruction of the Roman Forum under Emperor Maxentius and later, Constantine I (Palatine Archaeological Museum). 

• 304-439: The 16 Kingdoms; China is fractured among 16 Kingdoms, each vying for power.-China by Jaivin.

• 303: Roman Emperor Diocletian (284-305) orders all Christian churches and books to be destroyed and follows this with the execution of Christians during the next eight years.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 303: Roman Emperor Diocletian’s persecution of Christianity (‘the Age of Martyrs’) results in the death of hundreds of thousands of believers (NatGeo). 

• 300: The first Germanic population groups settle in Raetia, North of the Danube (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 300-470: Earth experiences a long period of below-average temperatures.-Ecoviews by Gibbons.

• 300-600: Most Eurasian civilizations face political, economic, and social transformations that deeply shake the established ancient order. Rome collapses under the invasions of Germanic tribes, Han China lost its unity, and the Sassanids fell to Islamic Conquests. Paradoxically, this troubled age was accompanied by great spiritual and philosophical development during which a mosaic of religions and beliefs transcended borders and promised salvation, thus ushering in a new era (Louvre Abu Dhabi Museum).

• 300: The Dorset, predecessors of the Inuit, abandon Greenland and much of the Canadian Arctic and contracted their distribution back to some core areas of Canada.-Collapse by Diamond.  

• 300-700: Peak of Monte Alban, the Zapotec Capital in Oaxaca Valley, Mexico. 

----------300----------

• 290: The Romans establish the Danube-Iller Limes as a northern ‘wet border’ along the Rhine, Danube, and Iller Rivers that replaces the Limes (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 3rd Century: The Pukara in S. Peru abruptly politically disintegrates.-1491 by Mann.

• 3c: Rising sea levels began eroding habitable lands along the shores between Flanders and Frisia (aka the ‘Dunkirk II Marine Transgression’). The loss of land prompts migration out of the territories that had been settled by the Chauci and their Saxon descendants; meanwhile the emergence of swamps and marshes encouraged the Romans to pull back from their forts in Gallia Belgica, allowing what land there was to be occupied by Frankish tribes.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.

• 286-296: The Roman Empire battles Carausius and his Roman Britannia soldiers.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 286: Roman Naval Commander Carausius declares himself Emperor in Britannia and N. Gaul in response to the Roman emperor accusing him of collaborating with the Franks.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• Nov, 284: Roman General Diocletian seizes power and declares his self Roman Emperor. 

• 285: Diocletian splits the Roman Empire into two parts- East and West. 

• 284-305: Reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 283: Roman Co-Emperor Carinus fends off Germanic intrusions in upper Germania and Raetia (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 283: The forum of Caesar is damaged by a large fire and restored by Emperors Diocletian and Maxentius (Roman Forum Museo). 

• 280: The Jin conquer the three kingdoms, unifying China.-China by Jaivin.

• 278: Roman Emperor Probus defeats the Burgundians and the Vandals in Raetia (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 277: Roman Emperor Probus pushes Germanic tribes back behind the Rhine (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• ~275: Lactantius (250-325), a rhetorician, church scholar, and apologist of the Christian faith, becomes the first to reject the already proven idea that the earth is round. He believes that if this were the case, people on the underside of the earth (the Antipodes) would be standing on their heads and that rain would fall upwards (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 274: The Roman Emperor Aurelian (A.D. 214-275) established an official cult of the sun-god Mithras, declaring his birthday, December 25, a national holiday. The cult of Mithras, the Aryan god of light, spread from Persia through Asia Minor to Greece, Rome, and as far as the Germanic lands and Britain. Numerous ruins of his shrines still testify to the high regard in which this god was held, especially by the Roman legions, as a bringer of fertility, peace, and victory. So it was a clever move when, in the year A.D. 354, the Christian church under Pope Liberius (352-366) co-opted the birthday of Mithras and declared December 25 to be the birthday of Jesus Christ. 

• 274: Roman forces abandon the Limes fortifications (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 274: The breakaway Gallic Empire is reunited with Rome (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 3c: Ecclesiastical Historian Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, acknowledges the Gospels, Acts, Paul’s Letter, 1 Peter, and 1 John as canonical, disputes the books of James, Jude, 2 Peter, and 2/3 John, and labels as spurious Hebrews and various apocryphal works.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 272: The Battle of Immae; Roman forces led by Emperor Aurelian defeat the armies of the Palmyrene Empire, whose leader, Queen Zenobia, had usurped Roman control over the Eastern provinces after her husband was made King for defending Palmira from the Persian Sassanids (Wiki). 

• 270-280: Germanic settlers begin moving into Limes territory (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 270: Roman emperor Aurelian defeats the Germanic Juthungi tribe in Raetia and Upper Germania (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 268: The Battle of Edessa; Persian forces defeat Roman forces and retain control over much of Syria. They capture Roman Emperor Valerian during the battle.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 268: Roman Naval Commander Carausius establishes patrols from Roman Britannia in the N. Sea to stem the threat from piracy. The Roman emperor accuses him of collaborating with the Franks.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 266-316: The Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty Rules China.-China by Jaivin.

• 266-420: The Jin Dynasty (split into the W. and E. Jin) rules China.-China by Jaivin.

• 266: Rise of the Jin Dynasty, who begins unifying China.-China by Jaivin.

• Mid 3c: The first major Frankish raid on the Roman Empire; Franks reached as far as Tarragona in Spain and then appropriate the ships they find in the harbor, after which they raid N. Africa.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 265: Roman Emperor Gallienus reconquers Raetia (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 3c: Construction of Xunantunich by the Maya during their classic period (200-900) (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 260: The Battle of Edessa; Persian forces led by Shapur I defeat Roman forces under Emperor Valerian (r. 253-260) near Edessa, taking the emperor prisoner for the first time in Roman history (Landesmuseum Württemberg, Wiki).

• 260: A Roman citizens militia in Gaul led by Postumus, defeats Germanic tribes near Augsburg. Postumus is declared emperor of the breakaway Gallic Empire (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 259: Germanic tribes march across the Limes hinterland towards Gaul, Spain, and Upper Italy, looting and vandalizing as they advance (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 254: Germanic tribes invade Raetia, now largely defenseless. They destroy most of the forts along the Limes and plunder rural estates in the hinterland. As a result, the Romans abandon Raetia north of the Danube (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 253: Roman Emperor Valerian withdraws troops from the Raetian Limes (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 250-600: Mesoamerican Early Class Period; emergency of the Mayan cities of Tikal, Piedras Negras, and Calakmul (Mexico City Culture Museo). 

• 250: Roman Emperor Decius launches a systematic attack on Christianity, demanding that all citizens signify their willingness to worship Pagan gods. Victims of this persecution include Pope Fabian (236-250) and Cyprian, the bishop of Carthage (200-258), who is exiled and beheaded under Emperor Valerian (253-260). Church father and renowned biblical scholar Origen (~185-254) is imprisoned and tortured.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 250-538 CE: Japan’s Kofun Dynasty; the earliest era in recorded Japanese history, the Kofun introduce Shinto and unify the country under one kingdom (Wiki). 

----------250----------

• 249-251: Reign of Roman Emperor Decius.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 241-272: Reign of Sassanid King Shapur I over the Persian Empire. Shapur I was intolerant in a religious sense, enforcing Zoroastrianism on his people while massacring Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, and Christians.

• 240-272: Reign of Shapur I as King of the Persian Sassanid Empire (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 235-284: The Age of the Soldier; Roman emperors are determined by the Army (IST Airport Museum).

• 235: Roman Emperor Severus Alexander is murdered in Mainz. His successor Emperor Maximus Thrax conducts an offensive against the Germanic tribes, securing the Limes, and refortifying destroyed forts (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 233: Germanic tribes attack parts of Upper Germania, plundering and destroying numerous Roman settlements and forts within the Limes (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• Early 3c: Gamaliel III becomes head of the Jewish community and leader of the Sanhedrin. He establishes an academy at Usha in Lower Galilee before dying in 235. He and his successors compile parts of the Torah (the Psalms and Proverbs, the Song of Songs and the Books of Job, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah and the Chronicles)- collectively known as the Writings or Hagiography (Ketuvim).-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 226: Rise of the Persian Sassanids who seek to re-establish the Achaemenid imperial dynasty and regain the territories once ruled by Darius and Xerxes.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 226: Parthia is annexed to the Sassanid Persian empire.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.  

• 224-651: The Sasanian Empire, Rome’s eastern rival, rules over present-day Syria to Central Asia. The empire was founded by Iranian noble, Ardashir I, who reused the former Parthian city of Ctesiphon as his capital (British Museum).

• 224: Foundation of the Persian Sassanid Empire, a power that will become a fierce enemy of the Romans in the East (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 220-280: After the end of the Han Dynasty, China is divided in three competing kingdoms; Wei, Wu, and Shu Han. None of these kingdoms manages to gain supremacy. The period of the three kingdoms does not come to an end until Emperor Wu of Jin (265-290) establishes the Jin dynasty (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 220-265: The Three Kingdoms of Wèi, Wu, and Shu rule China.-China by Jaivin.

• 220: Death of Cao Cao to illness; Cao Pi pronounces himself emperor of the state of Wèi, which remained in enmity with Wu and Shu (the Three Kingdoms).-China by Jaivin.

• 220: The Battle of Red Cliffs and the fall of the Han Empire; after conquering the last of Han’s N. rivals, Han General Cao Cao marches S. to subjugate the last two big rival states- the E. Kingdom of Wú, led by Sūn Quán and the W. Kingdom of Shǔ, led by Liú Bèi, who formed an alliance against the Han. After an initial skirmish, Cao Cao retreated to an area on the Yangtze known as Red Cliff, where he chained his warships together. Taking advantage of the winds, Wu & Shu dividial commander Zhōu Yú, sailed towards Cao Cao’s fleet claiming to defect. As they drew nearer, the men set fire to their own boats, fleeing on smaller craft, and using the wind to slam the flaming vessels into Cao Cao’s fleet, destroying much of the Han Army. The Wu and Shu simultaneously attacked, forcing the Han to flee.-China by Jaivin.

• 219: Death of Guan Yu in battle against Cao Cao’s forces.-China by Jaivin.

• 213: Roman Emperor Caracalla launches a military campaign into unoccupied Germanic territory (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 212: Roman Emperor Caracalla makes every single free inhabitant of the Roman Empire a full Roman Citizen.-SPQR by Beard.

• 211-217: Reign of Caracalla as Roman Emperor

• 217: Caracalla is assassinated (knife) by his bodyguard while traveling. 

• 212: Roman Citizenship is extended to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire (~30 million people).  

• 208: The Battle of Red Cliffs (aka the Battle of Chibi); a decisive naval battle fought between the allied forces of the southern Chinese warlords Sun Quan, Liu Bei, and Liu Qi, against the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao. The allied victory against Cao Cao gave the warlords control of the Yangtze and provided a line of defence that was the basis for a north-south axis of hostility.-Atlas of War by NatGeo.

• 208: Battle of Red Cliff aka the Battle of Chibi; Northern Commander Cao Cao with one million troops arrayed along a river is defeated by a vastly outnumbered Southern Force led by Zhuge Liang positioned on the other side of the river. Zhuge Liang orders the assault to begin that night. Because of the wind and the iron hoops linking the boats, the northern fleet is quickly engulfed in flames. The hegemon had been humiliated. The long series of deceptions destroy Cao Cao, who had commanded the largest military force in China. He is bested by the machinations and deceptions of a smarter, almost superhuman sage—one who detects windows of opportunity and disguises his intentions.-100 Year Marathon by Pillsbury.

• The battle is written about in China’s most popular novel, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

• 200: The Romans complete fortifications of the Upper German-Raetian Limes, protecting it with ramparts and trenches in Upper Germania and with a wall in Raetia. The Limes reach their maximum extension in SW Germany (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 200-650: Mesoamerican Classical Period (Mex. City History Museo). 

• ~200: Indian Mathematicians first use zero as a number.-1491 by Mann.

• ~200-800: The Wari and The Tiwanaku societies control Central Western S. America.-1491 by Mann.

• ~200: The more expensive, but more durable, parchment gradually supplants papyrus.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 200: The Mayan Mutal and Teotihuacan open trade relations.-1491 by Mann.

----------200----------

• 2nd- 3rd Centuries: Construction of Teotihuacan’s Pyramid of the Sun, the third largest in the world.-1491 by Mann.

• 196-211: Reign of Septimius Severus as Roman Emperor.  

• 193: On the assassination of Commodus, five rivals claim the throne, each with armies and Civil War ensues. 

• 192: Emperor Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius, is assassinated, which is followed by the intervention of the praetorians and of rival legions from outside Rome and by another civil war, which marked the beginning of the end of the Augustan template of imperial rule.-SPQR by Beard

• 189: The E. Han are ruled by Xiàn (aged 8), the 13th Han emperor, with Cao Cao as his regent, who begins reuniting the fractured Han empire.-China by Jaivin.

• Late 2c: The Han dynasty is characterized by exploitation, rebellion, famine, and the rise of independent kingdoms. The Han lose control over much of its empire, including most land S. of the Yangtze.-China by Jaivin.

• 184-185: The Yellow Turban Rebellion, led by Daoist Faith Healers.-China by Jaivin.

• 180-192: Reign of Commodus as Roman Emperor. 

• 192: Commodus is assassinated. 

• End 2c: The Acts of the Apostles, Paul’s letters and revelation are established as canonical.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• Late 2c: The four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John are established as authoritative.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 177: The Martyrdoms at Lyons; some 48 Christians including Saint Blandina are killed during an outbreak of persecution against Christians in Lyon.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 166: A pandemic strikes the Roman Empire, killing many. Trade withers.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 165-180: Smallpox kills millions across the Roman Empire.-Smithsonian Nat. History Museum.

• 161-180: Reign of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 161-180: Reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161-169) as Joint Roman Emperors. 

• 167: Smallpox? Pandemic in Rome and Wider Empire kills large % of population. 

• 2c: Ptolemy writes Almagest, suggesting an earth-centered model of the universe.-Human Universe by Cox.

• 2c: The Vandals began clashing with the Roman Empire, participating in multiple wars along the Roman Frontier (Vatican Museum).

• ~160: The Romans push their northern border E and N. This new border, known as the Upper German-Raetian Limes, remained unchanged until the withdrawal of the Romans in the 3c (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 160s-180: The Marcommanic Wars are fought along the Danube River (Vatican Museum).

• Mid 2c: The School of Alexandria is founded in Egypt as the first Christian institution of higher learning (NatGeo). 

• ~2c: Warrior King Fan-man’s war of conquest results in the creation of a land and sea realm encompassing large area of Indo-China including those around the Bay of Bengal, the Kra Isthmus, and the Malay Kingdom (Tun-Sun) where it joins Thailand, with Oc-èo and Funan as SCS Maritime Trading ports.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• ~150 BCE: Greek astronomer Hipparchus first documents precession- the shift in the position of the celestial pole relative to the fixed stars.-Human Universe by Cox.

• ~150 BCE: The partially nomadic Nabataeans build the city of Petra in soft sandstone rock a few km S of Beidha. The city becomes home to at least 30K people living in a few sqkm of desert along the long-established trade routes between North Africa and India and the great cities of the Mediterranean.-Human Universe by Cox.

• 150: Christian teacher Marcion breaks away from the Christian Church in Rome. Totally rejecting the bible and looking for an authoritative Christian scripture, he derives a canon that consists of one gospel (a form of Luke) and ten letters by Paul.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.  

• 150: The cartographer and astronomer Ptolemy plots lines of lat and long on the twenty-seven maps of his first world atlas.

----------150----------

• 144: Publius Aelius Aristides writes several volumes on his illness, hypochondria.-SPQR by Beard

• 138: Death of Roman Emperor Hadrian. The Romans scale back on their crackdowns across Judaea, but the ban on Jewish entry into Jerusalem remains (Wiki). 

• 138-161: Reign of Antonius Pius as Roman Emperor. 

• 132-135: The Bar-Kokhbg Revolt. 

• 132-136: The Bar Kokhba revolt is fought as a Jewish rebellion led by Simon bar Kokhba against the Roman Empire. It was the third and final escalation of the Jewish-Roman wars. Like the first and second Jewish-Roman wars, it results in a total Jewish defeat. Following the war, Judaea is heavily depopulated with many Jews being killed or expelled with a significant number of captives sold into slavery. Following the failed rebellion, the center of Jewish society shifts from Judea to Galilee. The Jews are also subjected to a series of religious edicts by the Romans, including an edict that bars all Jews from entering Jerusalem. The Bar Kokhba revolt also had philosophical and religious ramifications; Jewish belief in the Messiah is abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The Talmud refers to Bar Kokhba as "Ben Koziva" ('Son of Deception')- false messiah. The rebellion was also among the events that helped differentiate early Christianity from Judaism (Wiki). 

• The leader of the revolt was known as Simeon bar Kokhba to his friends, and Simeon bar Kosiba (son of the lie-false Messiah) to his enemies. When the revolt began, Jerusalem was not a fortified city and was faced by the camp of the Tenth Legion. Jerusalem was easily captured from Tinneius Rufus, the Roman governor, and the rebels held out against the Romans for two years. Guerrilla warfare ensued, with the Romans hunting down the insurgents in small groups, ferreting them out of caves, or holding areas to intercept supplies, thereby starving them to death. Two main causes have been offered by historians for this revolt. Firstly, Hadrian had attempted to ban circumcision in the Empire in all subject nations, irrespective of their faith. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, was the plan to build a new city on Jerusalem's ruins; this Aelia Capitolina was to be pagan.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.  

• "Fifty of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. 580K men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those who perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out. After the revolt was crushed, Jerusalem was rebuilt into a Roman provincial city named Colonia Aelia Capitolina, a pagan city inhabited only by Gentiles, Romans, Greeks, and other peoples from the Empire, Jews being forbidden to live there on pain of death. On the Temple hill, a sanctuary rose to Jupiter Capitolinus and the province of Judaea was renamed Syria Palaestina. In Judaea, the Jews were apparently exterminated, but they survived in Galilee, which, like Samaria, seemed not to have been involved in the revolt. Tiberias in Galilee became the residence of Jewish patriarchs who there completed the Mishnah, the Talmud, and other early rabbinic texts.”-Historian Cassio Dio.

• 132-135: A 2nd Jewish revolt against Roman rule is led by Simon bar Kokhba, but is defeated by the Romans. His forces are hunted down in the caves of the dead sea region. As a result, some half a million Jews are massacred and thousands sold into slavery, and Judea becomes known as Syria-Palaestina with Jerusalem dedicated to the Roman god Jupiter.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 135: The Battle of Betar (‘Bether’), a mountain fortress south of Jerusalem is fought after a year long siege as the final battle of the Bar Kokhba revolt; Roman forces defeat Judean forces killing Bar Kokhba and killing or enslaving all remaining Jewish rebels (Wiki). 

• 132-134: Initial rebel victories established an independent Jewish enclave covering much of the province for several years. Bar Kokhba was appointed nasi (‘prince’) of the rebel’s provisional state, and much of Judea's populace regarded him as the Messiah of Judaism who would restore Jewish national independence. Initial setbacks led Hadrian to assemble a large army- six full regions with auxiliaries and other elements from up to six additional legions, all led by Sextus Julius Severus, who launches an extensive military campaign across Judea in 134 (Wiki). 

• 131: Jewish revolutionaries establish their own government in Jerusalem declaring ‘year one of the redemption of Israel’. Inevitably, Roman forces defeat the revolt and a terrible price is paid by the Jews- those who did not, or could not, flee the land, were killed or enslaved, the Jewish religion was proscribed and Jerusalem Romanized, resettled by non-Jews and a temple to Jupiter was built on the site of the Holy of Holies. The name Judah was changed to the Province of Syria-Palestine.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.  

• 130: Roman Emperor Hadrian builds a new city, Aelia Capitolina, in Jerusalem.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 121: The First Chinese dictionary is published (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 121: Mountaineering begins when Roman Emperor Hadrian scampers up Mount Etna to watch the sun rise.-Rise of Superman by Kotler. 

• 120s: Completion of Hadrian’s Pantheon, ‘temple of all gods,’ the concrete span of its dome remained the widest in the world until 1958. -SPQR by Beard

• ~120: A band of musicians and jesters come to China from Rome arriving from the Ta Ch’in (as detailed in the Hou Han Shou, the histories of the Han Dynasty).-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.  

• 117-138: Reign of Hadrian as Roman Emperor. 

• 117: Hadrian becomes emperor of Rome, abandoning most Mesopotamia.-SPQR by Beard

• 117: Peak of Roman Empire. 

• 115-117: The Kitos War (‘Rebellion of the diaspora’) is fought as one of the major Jewish-Roman wars, erupting in 115 when most of the Roman armies were fighting Trajan’s Parthian War. Major uprisings by Jews in Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and Egypt spiral out of control, resulting in a widespread slaughter of the remaining Roman garrisons and Roman citizens by Jewish rebels. Jewish rebellions were finally crushed by Roman legions led by Lusius Quietus (Kitos). Some localities were left so utterly annihilated that Romans moved in to settle the areas to prevent their complete depopulation. Lydda was next taken, and many of the rebellious Jews were executed. The rebel leaders Pappus and Julian were among those who were executed by the Romans that year (Wiki).  

• 114: Roman forces led by Trajan attack the Parthians, invading Mesopotamia. Roman legions smash the Parthians, but face fierce resistance from large Jewish settlements. Risings commence in Cyrene (modern Libya), spreading to Alexandria and Cyprus. Judea saw unrest but no actual rebellion. The Romans crush the revolts with great difficulty, exterminating the Cypriot Jewish community and burning the main synagogue in Alexandria. Trajan's successor, Hadrian, withdrew from Parthia in 117 allowing peace for the Mesopotamian Jews.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 114-117: Roman emperor Trajan invades and conquers much of Mesopotamia in modern day Iran- the furthest East that Roman power was every formally extended.-SPQR by Beard

• 105: Paper is invented in Han China (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 101-102: Roman emperor Trajan conquers Dacia, part of what is now Romania. -SPQR by Beard

• 101: The Dacian Wars; Roman forces under Trajan decisively defeat the Dacians in two military campaigns. The conflict was triggered by the constant Dacian threat on the Danubian Province of Moesia (NatGeo). 

• 100-700: Teotihuacan flourishes as an economic power in Mesoamerica (Mex City Culture Museo). 

----------100----------

• 1c: Humans discern how to crystallize sugar from sugarcane.-Ingredients by Zaidan.

• ~1c: Establishment of Axum as the first great Ethiopian kingdom, by colonists from Yemen (NatGeo). Axum's maritime trade was conducted through the ancient Eritrean port of Adulis, near modern-day Massawa.-Surrender or Starve by Kaplan. 

• ~98: Germania is written by Tacitus.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 98-117: Reign of Trajan, adopted son of Nerva, as Roman Emperor. 

• 96-98: Reign of Nerva as Roman Emperor. 

• 97: Nerva adopts Trajan. 

• 88-194: Height of the Satavahana Empire in Central India.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• ~85: The Romans establish the provinces of Upper and Lower Germania and began fortifying the border along the Swabian jura, in the Neckar valley,  and in the Odenwald and Wetterau regions around 100 AD (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 83-85: The Romans wage war against the Germanic Chatti tribe (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 81-96: Reign of Domitian as Roman Emperor. 

• 96: Domitian is assassinated. 

• 1c: Rise of Oc-èo, at the top of the Gulf of Siam as a Malay fishing harbor.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 13 Sep, 81: Death of Roman Emperor Titus Caesar Vespasianus from fever. His younger brother, Domitian becomes Emperor (Wiki). 

• 81-96: Reign of Roman Emperor Domitian.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 80: Vespasian’s most famous construction, the amphitheatre is inaugurated under his son. Eventually known as the Colosseum, from a colossal statue of Nero that stood close by and lasted long after Nero’s end, this was simultaneously a massive building project (it took almost ten years to finish, using 100,000 cubic metres of stone), a commemoration of his victory over Jewish rebels (the booty from the war paid for it) and a conspicuous act of generosity to the Roman people (the most famous popular entertainment venue ever). It was also a criticism of his predecessor, pointedly built on the site that had once belonged to Nero’s private park. -SPQR by Beard

• 80: A massive fire rages through Rome (Wiki).

• 79-81: Reign of Titus Caesar Vespasianus over the Roman Empire, part of the Flavian dynasty (Wiki).

• 79: Death of Roman Emperor Vespasian, his son, Titus Caesar Vespasianus becomes Emperor (Wiki).

• 79-81: Reign of Titus as Roman Emperor. 

• 80: Completion of the Colosseum. 

• 79: Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, Italy.-Geology by Marshak.

• 79: Volcanic Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius and the ensuing destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. 

• 73: Roman Emperor Vespasian sends troops to occupy additional territories in SW Germany. They build Kinzig valley road, bringing further parts of SW Germany under their control (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 72: Construction of the Colosseum in Ancient Rome begins under Emperor Vespasianus. It is inaugurated in 80 by his son Titus, with 100 days of games and ~10K beasts being killed.-Sustainability by de Vries.

• 70: The Romans destroy Jerusalem leading to the decline of the Sadducees, a minority Jewish party.-Incomplete Edu by Jones.

• 70: Following a revolt against Roman rule, the forces of the future emperor Titus besiege Jerusalem before entering the city and destroying nearly all of the Temple, except the Western Wall (NatGeo). 

• 70: Roman forces led by Titus besiege and capture Jerusalem, destroying the city and the Second Temple (Wiki).

• 70: Herod’s Second Temple is destroyed by the Romans. Only the Western Wall in Jerusalem remains (NatGeo). 

• 69: Year of the Four Roman Emperors and revolt of the Batavi in the Lower Rhine Region (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 69-79: Reign of Vespasian as Roman Emperor. 

• 69: “The Year of Roman Civil War and the Four Emperors” following the suicide of Nero. 

• 69-79: Reign of Roman Emperor Vespasian.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 68: Roman Emperor Nero commits suicide. Nero’s death marked the end of a dynasty and resulted in a year of civil war in Rome. Whatever the Roman constitution said, real power lay with the military -the praetorian guard in Rome and the great armies guarding the frontiers of the Empire. During the bloody struggle for political power, Rome itself is stormed by Roman troops, the Capital burned, three emperors are proclaimed and overthrown and, finally, Vespasian emerges as victor.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 68-69: Roman Civil War. 

• 68: Death of Roman Emperor Nero. His death leads to the Year of the Four Emperors (Wiki).

• 68: Martyrdom of Coptic Bishop St. Mark in Alexandria. After refusing to worship the pagan Greco-Egyptian god Serapis, an enraged mob tied a rope around his neck and dragged him through the streets to his death (NatGeo). 

• 66-73: First Jewish Revolt against Roman Rule. 

• 70: Destruction of the temple at Jerusalem. 

• 73: 700 Jews commit mass suicide at Masada rather than give in to the Roman troops besieging them near the Dead Sea.

• 66: Death of James, brother of Jesus Christ; the historian Josephus and others regarded the Roman destruction of Jerusalem as divine revenge for his death. In response, the Jews rise in revolt against Rome (NatGeo). 

• 66-74: The First Jewish-Roman War (‘Great Jewish Revolt’) is fought as the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman empire in Roman controlled Judaea, resulting in the destruction of Jewish towns, the displacement of its people and the appropriation of land for Roman military use, as well as the destruction of the Jewish temple and polity (Wiki).

• 73: The siege and fall of Masada; the Romans build a siege ramp and mound on the west side where a battering ram could be brought into play, the wall soon collapsed, the Romans entering to silence. The insurgents had decided to die rather than surrender. The men killed their wives and children first, then the men drew lots to kill each other. In all, some 960 died; only two women and five children escaped this terrible fate.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 70-73: Further Jewish strongholds fall one by one, including the Herodium, south of Jerusalem; Machaerus, east of the Dead Sea; and, finally, the massive fortress of Masada, where Jewish slaves built a ramp to its summit, more than 1,000 feet (300 m) above the shore of the Dead Sea.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• Spring, 70: Titus marches on Jerusalem, building a siege wall around the city, and then attacking its north wall. Titus broke into the city and drove out final, fanatical resistance by fire, the Temple being torched. Within a month the Romans occupied the city, capturing Simon bar Giora and John of Gischala. These two men formed part of Titus' triumphal procession in Rome in 71, the event being commemorated on the triumphal Arch of Titus which still stands in Rome. Lucilius Bassus, Palestinian governor, began the final clearing-up operation against the remaining Zealot strongholds. Herodium, near Bethlehem, surrendered. Macherus on the Dead Sea followed after some resistance. Masada, Herod's awesome palace on its high rock plateau, remained under the leadership of Eleazar, son of. Jair, a descendant of the Zealot founder, Judas the Galilean. The new governor of Judaea, Flavius Silva (AD 73-81) started the siege.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• There is never to be another temple built in Jerusalem. Titus, the Roman victor, exterminated a quarter of the Jewish population and enslaved a further 10%, thereby reducing the Jewish population to such an extent that they were almost a minority in their own land. A major Jewish exodus then commenced with Jewish elites fleeing to Mesopotamia, then part of the Parthian Empire, and Han China.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• Summer, 69: The armies in the eastern part of the Roman Empire proclaim Vespasian as emperor. Faced by the rise of a new rebel leader, Simon bar Giora, Vespasian completed the subjugation of Judaea, controlling Acrabeta, Bethel and Ephraim, together with Hebron in the south. Only Jerusalem, Macherus, Herodium and Masada still held out against Rome. He then journeyed to Rome via Alexandria leaving Titus to end the rebellion.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• Winter, 67: Vespasian sends his legions to winter at Caesaria and Scythopolis, thus keeping Galilee cut off from the area still resisting Rome.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• Spring, 67: Vespasian marches on Galilee from Antioch via Ptolemais, where Titus, with his Egyptian force, join him. In total, the two generals commanded 60,000 legionaries and auxiliary troops. Galilean resistance cracked, Sephoris joined the Romans immediately, but Jotapata was besieged for two months, its garrison being slaughtered. Josephus' army at Garis fled and all of Lower Galilee fell immediately, Josephus retreating to Tiberias and then Jotapata. The latter was captured, Josephus surrendering. Of the fortresses, only Gamala continued to resist before being captured. By the end of 67 the Roman conquest of northern Palestine was nearly complete.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• Dec, 66: Roman Emperor Nero sends Vespasian to restore order and the authority of Rome. Vespasian acted cautiously and assembled troops in Syria while his son, Titus, was sent to Egypt to seek reinforcements.

• 66: Jewish revolt against Rome; Gessius Florus seizes a large amount of money from the Jewish Temple and then brings in Roman soldiers who are ordered to kill anyone who jeers at them. The Jews, under Eleazar, son of the High Priest, refuse to continue offering the usual daily sacrifice for the emperor, which is considered treason by the Roman authorities.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• ~65: The first of the Gospels (probably Mark) is written in the form familiar today.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 65: A plague strikes Rome, adding to the misery of the previous year’s fire. Needing scapegoats, Roman Emperor Nero has many Christians put to death with sadistic cruelty, creating a precedent for widespread persecution.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 65: St. Paul’s beheading in Rome. 

• 64: St. Peters is crucified in Rome. 

• Summer, 64: Fire breaks out in Rome near the Circus Maximus. The congested city was familiar with fires, but this one spread rapidly for six days until all the southern part of the city had been destroyed as far as the Tiber and the Servian wall, then it broke out again and spread through the northern districts. By the time it finally died down, it had burned through ten of the city's 14 wards.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 63: An earthquake destroys most of Pompeii.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 60s: Buddhism first appears in China (British Museum).

• ~60: The Periplous is written, describing the thriving network of trade between the Red Sea port of Myos Hormos and Bereniké.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 58-63: The Roman-Parthian War (‘War of the Armenian Succession’) is fought between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire over control of Armenia, a vital buffer state between the two realms. Armenia had been a Roman client state since the days of Emperor Augustus, but in 52/53, the Parthians succeeded in installing their own candidate, Tiridates, on the Armenian throne. These events coincided with the accession of Nero to the imperial throne in Rome, and the young emperor decided to react vigorously. Roman forces led by General Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo were initially successful against Parthian forces led by Tiridates. Rome installed their own candidate, Tigranes VI, on the Armenian throne, and left the country. The Romans were aided by the fact that the Parthian King Vologases was embroiled in the suppression of a series of revolts in his own country. As soon as these had been dealt with, however, the Parthians turned their attention to Armenia, and after a couple of years of inconclusive campaigning, inflicted a heavy defeat on the Romans in the Battle of Rhandeia. The conflict ended soon after, in an effective stalemate and a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor (Wiki). 

• Tigranes surrenders to Rome, was shorn of all conquests and fined 6000 talents. Pompey established four provinces: Asia remained intact; Bithynia-Pontus (eastern Pontus was excluded); Cilicia, including Pamphylia and Isauria; and Syria, the area around Antioch. The client kingdoms were eastern Pontus, Cappadocia, Galatia (under King Deitarus), Lycia, and Judaea.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 54-68: Reign of Nero as Roman Emperor. 

• 68: Nero Commits Suicide. 

• 66: The Jewish Revolt against Roman Rule. 

• 60: Boudica leads a British uprising against Roman Rule after deployed Romans deny the wishes of Boudica’s husband, a deceased local Elite, steal from his house, and rape his daughters. 

• Boudica razes three Roman Villages before being put down by the Roman Governor in Britain. 

• Mid 1c: The Coptic Tradition, the Christian church in Egypt, is founded in Alexandria by St. Mark, author of the second gospel in the New Testament. Mark became Alexandria’s first bishop and began spreading the teachings of Jesus (NatGeo). 

----------50----------

• 49-58: Paul (‘Saul’) concentrates his Christian missionary efforts in Asia Minor and Greece.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• ~48: The Gospels of the New Testament are written.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 47: Capture and execution of Chauci leader Gannascus by the Romans. Gannascus had led bold sea raids against the province of Gallia Belgica.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 1c: Construction of the Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun, which rises on an area of 225x225m and 65m height (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 1c: Rise of the Moche (‘Mochica’) culture in N. Peru. Its trademarks are highly skilled crafts and metalworking (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• ~45: Roman forces fortify the line formed by the Danube west of the river Iller, building forts and improving roads along the Danube (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 43: Roman Emperor Claudius invades Britain with ~50,000 men including the II, IV, XIV, and XX legions. By 100, England and Wales and some of Scotland had been conquered. The Romans build towns, roads, and villas. Latin became the official language and Roman law and money were introduced (British Museum).

• 41-54: Reign of Claudius as Roman Emperor. 

• 43: Londinium, modern day London, is founded soon after Claudius’s troops began their conquest of Britain. The settlement was located on the north bank of the River Thames, and a bridge linked it with the opposite bank (NatGeo). 

• 43-44: Roman General Claudius lands forces at Kent, invading Britannia; 11 British Kings surrender at Colchester in Essex after some 80K Britain’s and 400 Romans die (NatGeo). 

• Londinium, modern-day London, was founded soon after Claudius’s troops began their conquest of Britain in A.D. 43. The settlement was located on the north bank of the River Thames, and a bridge linked it with the opposite bank. 

• 24, Jan 41: Assassination of Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus by three soldiers from the Prateorian Guard. -SPQR by Beard

• As soon as news of the murder leaked out, the Germans proved their brutal, thuggish loyalty. They ran through the Palatine, killing anyone they suspected of involvement in the plot. One senator was slaughtered 

• The Praetorian Guard, who had a low view of the capabilities of the senate and no desire to return to the Republic, had already picked a new emperor. The story was that, terrified by the violence and commotion, Gaius’ uncle the fifty-year-old Claudius had hidden himself down another dark alley. But he was quickly discovered by the praetorians and, though fearing he too was about to be killed, was hailed as emperor instead. -SPQR by Beard

• 37-41: Reign of Gaius (Caligula) as Roman Emperor. 

• 41: Caligula is assassinated. 

• 37: Death of Roman Emperor Tiberius who is succeeded by his great-nephew, Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. -SPQR by Beard

• 36: The Roman governor of Palestine, Pontius Pilot, is removed from office by the Roman Emperor after Pilate uses too much brutality and violence to quell disturbances in Samaria.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 14-37: Reign of Tiberius as Roman Emperor. 

• Tiberius was the adopted son of Augustus. 

• ~33: Death of Jesus of Nazareth in Jerusalem following the passion- the last supper, prayers in the garden of Gethsemane, his arrest, trial, journey to cavalry, and crucifixion.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• While eating “the last supper”, Jesus broke the bread, gave thanks, handing it to his disciples, saying, "Take, eat; this is my body." Then he gave them wine to drink, saying, "This is my blood ... shed for many for the remission of sins" (Matthew 26:28). The testament can be regarded as a new covenant with God and this ritual, the Eucharist, has been repeated by Christians in services ever since, becoming the central sacrament in the Christian churches. Afterwards, Jesus went with Peter, James and John to Gethsemane, where Judas Iscariot approached, with an armed crowd. Jesus was seized and taken to the high priest's house; his disciples ran away- Jesus was accused of blasphemy and physically abused and mocked. The high priest was Caiaphas who retained his position from 18-36. The Sanhedrin, sitting in judgement over Jesus, comprised, apart from the high priest, 70 members drawn from three different groups in society. Here, Caiaphas asked Jesus to say whether he was "the Christ (Messiah), the Son of God (Matthew 26:63). His "affirmation" (Mark 14:62) caused the Sanhedrin to condemn Jesus to death for blasphemy.  Jesus then faced Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, who understood nothing of Jewish culture or religion. Pilate asked him if he was King of the Jews. Jesus replied, "You have said so” (Mark 15:2). Pilate tried several times to save Jesus, but finally left the decision to the priests and rabble, When the people demanded his death, Pilate ordered him to be executed (Matthew 27:24). Jesus was whipped and mocked by Roman soldiers who made him a crown of thorns. He was taken to the place of crucifixion-Calvary, or Golgotha-where he was nailed to the cross and left to die, along with two criminals who were being similarly punished. The traditional route to Golgotha is the Via Dolorosa and the place of execution was where the Church of the Holy Sepulcher now stands. On his cross rested the sign; "This is Jesus the King of the Jews." Jesus was quickly put in a nearby tomb by Joseph of Arimathea, and, according to John, by Nicodemus. Early, the following Sunday, Mary Magdalene and Mary, the mother of James, went to the tomb to anoint Jesus' body for a proper burial, but found the tomb empty. Mark claims that a young man clothed in white was in the tomb, announcing that Jesus had risen. By rising from the dead, Jesus gave hope of a life after death in the Kingdom of Heaven. All the Gospels state that after the Resurrection, Jesus continued to teach his disciples about the Kingdom of God. He also said, "Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world. Amen" Matthew 28:19-20). Eventually, according to Luke, at Bethany, Jesus was seen by his disciples to ascend into the heavens. The Acts of the Apostles claim that the ascension took place 40 days after the Resurrection.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• ~33: authorities arrested Jesus and bound him over for trial as an insurrectionist before Pontius Pilate, the Roman Governor, Jesus was crucified. Christian Scriptures claim that Jesus did not remain dead. He rose from the dead and spent another 40 days showing himself alive to his disciples. At the end of this time period, Jesus ascended physically to heaven. 

• 1c: The Books of the New Testament are written in Greek.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• ~30: Death of John the Baptist; John's uncompromising preaching made him enemies and when he criticized Herod (son of Herod the Great) for marrying his brother's wife Herodias, he was imprisoned. On Herod's birthday, Herodias's daughter, Salome, came in and danced for him and she pleased her stepfather so much that he promised to give her anything she asked for. After consulting her mother, Salome asked for the head of John the Baptist on a dish. Herod kept his promise and John was beheaded.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 26-36: Pontius Pilate rules as Governor of Judea. 

• 25-220: The E. Han Dynasty rules China.-China by Jaivin.

• ~24: Around the age of 30, Jesus launched his public ministry, which lasted about 3.5 years. He gathered a group of 12 disciples (apostles) and traveled around the country teaching: God expects people to serve him and other people out of unreserved love, not out of a legalistic obligation. He claimed to be the messiah as well as the son of god. 

• 23: Restoration of the Han Dynasty after Pro-Han forces break into the palace of Xin Emperor Wang Mang. The restored Han relocates its capital from Chang’an to Luòyáng, in the east. The first half of the dynasty was retrospectively named the Western Han; the second, the Eastern Han.-China by Jaivin.

• 20: Hippalos voyages to coastal India, discovering the mechanics of the Indian Oceans SW Monsoon.-Boundless Sea by Abulafia.    

• 15: Valerius Gratus, the first governor of Emperor Tiberias, arrives in Judaea. He deposes the High Priest, Annas, and gives the post to his son-in-law Joseph Caiaphas.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• ~15: Raetia becomes a Roman province (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 19 Aug, 14: Emperor Tiberius takes over from his adoptive farther, Augustus, who dies in his bed. -SPQR by Beard

• 10: Roman expansion is forced to a halt at the Rhine and Danube Rivers, where a long line of forts and watchtowers mark the limits of Rome’s power.-War by NatGeo.

• 9: German chieftain Arminius, leader of the Cherusci tribe and a supposed Roman ally deceives Roman Governor Varus telling him that certain other tribes were rising up in rebellion to the NW. Varus marched out with three legions to subdue the supposed rebels and found himself surrounded on all sides. After 4 days of fighting, all 3 legions, 20,000 Romans, were killed.-War by NatGeo.

• 9-23: The Xin Dynasty is ruled Wáng Mǎng, the sole Xin Emperor.-China by Jaivin.

• 9: The Battle of Teutoburg Forest just North of the town of Osnarbrück, in which Roman Commander Publius Quinctilius loses three legions to German rebel Arminius ‘Herman the German,’ thus ending the Augustan expansion of the empire.-SPQR by Beard

• On his death, Augustus left instructions that the empire should not be extended any further.

• 6: Samaria, Judaea, and Idumea are united as the Roman province of Judaea and put under the direct rule of Roman procurators.-Atlas of the Bible by Barnes.

• 2: The first known recorded census in history takes place in Han China (Landesmuseum Württemberg).

• 2: Ovid releases his Love Lessons, ‘Ars Armatoria,’ a spoof on how to pick up a partner. 

• 0-200: Mesoamerican Preclassical Period (Mex. City History Museo). 

• 0: Corn is first domesticated in North America (Mex City History Museo). 

• 0: Potatoes are first domesticated in South America (Mex City History Museo). 

• ~0: Teotihuacan in Mesoamerica emerges as a military power.-1491 by Mann.

• 0: The Hopewell establish a trade network that covers most of N. America.-1491 by Mann.

• ~0: Tahiti is first settled by Early Polynesians, most likely from Samoa (Hawaiian Cultural Center).

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