Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología, e Historia del Perú

Ref: Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología, e Historia del Perú (2025). Lima, Peru.

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Chronology

  • Jan, 1826: The last Spanish troops depart from Callao, the port of Lima (Britannica).

  • 9 Dec, 1824: The Battle of Ayacucho; Revolutionary forces, numbering ~6,000 men including Venezuelans, Colombians, Argentines, Chileans, and Peruvians led by Simón Bolívar’s lieutenant, the Venezuelan Antonio José de Sucre defeat a Spanish army comprised of 9000 men and 10x as many artillery pieces. Sucre opened the attack with a cavalry charged led by the Colombian José María Córdoba, and in a short time the royalist army was routed, with ~2000 men killed. The Spanish viceroy and his generals were taken prisoner and the terms of surrender stipulate that all Spanish forces would be withdrawn from Peru and Charcas (Bolivia) (Britannica).

  • Sep, 1823: Simón Bolívar, at the invitation of the Peruvian congress, assumes the political and military command of Peru (Arqueología Museo, Lima).

  • Feb, 1823: José de la Riva-Agüero is elected President of Peru. Shortly after, Congress disavows him and appoints José Bernardo de Tagle as his replacement (Arqueología Museo, Lima).

  • Jul, 1821- Sep, 1822: José de San Martín is elected Peru’s first president (Arqueología Museo, Lima).

  • 28 Jul, 1821: Peru announces their independence (Arqueología Museo, Lima).

  • 5 Apr, 1818: The Battle of Maipú; Argentine and Chilean rebels led by José de San Martín, leader of the resistance to Spain in Southern South America, defeat a Spanish Royalist force near Santiago, Chile. The 6-hr battle resulted in ~2000 Royalists dead and 3000 captured. The patriots lost ~1000 men. The battle ends the struggle for Chilean independence (Britannica).

  • 1817: The Army of the Andes led by José de San Martín liberate Chile (Arqueología Museo, Lima).

  • 3 Feb, 1813: The Battle of San Lorenzo (modern Argentina); a rebel force led by José de San Martín, his first major battle, defeat a Spanish Royalist army led by Captain Antonio Zabala (Wiki).

  • 1781: Túpac Amaru II is killed. His cousin Diego Cristóbal continues the rebellion against the Spanish, although he is captured and killed two years later. The Spanish order repressions that profoundly affect the indigenous people, who were prohibited, among other things, from wearing symbols of identity. The repression included the suspension of the Quechua language and the prohibition of copies of the Royal Commentaries of Inca Garcilaso (Arqueología Museo, Lima).

  • 1780: José Gabriel Condorcanqui rebels, denouncing abuses by the viceregal regime, bringing together Indians, Mestizo, and Creole to fight. After some military operations, Túpac Amaru II is captured and executed (1781). However, uprisings continued under the command of Diego Cristóbal Túpac Amaru and the Aymara leader Túpac Catari (Arqueología Museo, Lima).

  • 1742: Juan Santos Atahualpa gathers native groups from the central Peruvian jungle with the purpose of attacking monarchical forces. Although he gains numerous followers, the rebellion dies in the late 1750s (Arqueología Museo, Lima).

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